Clusters, starbursts and feedback into the environments of galaxies

在我们自己和其他星系中的每一代新恒星都有助于星际介质（ISM）中重元素的富集。随着时间的推移，这些可能以气体或尘埃粒子形式注入的重元素，以及携带它们的流出物，逐渐改变了新恒星和行星形成的方式，以及星系本身的整体性质。对星系的星星形成和ISM演化及其相互作用有了更深入的了解，这为建造大量国际设施提供了动力，其中包括阿尔马和计划中的JCMT巡天、甚大望远镜和双子座8米望远镜、斯皮策太空望远镜、赫歇尔太空天文台和詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜。目前提案的共同申请人积极参与这一领域的研究，并计划利用这些设施解决一些悬而未决的问题。其中包括年轻星星团在驱动星暴星系外流中的作用，超新星和演化恒星对星系尘埃富集的相对贡献，通过化学演化模型确定星星形成区的热核结构，研究扩散云和暗云之间气体和尘埃的循环，以及星系中尘埃的演化。研究如何通过分子发射来研究高红移的恒星形成区域;开发一个3D辐射传输代码，以自洽地处理位于电离星云周围的聚集光解离区域，为了解释欧空局的赫歇尔空间天文台即将进行的观测，并在一些极端的天体物理环境中调查分子过程。

Each new generation of stars in our own and other galaxies contributes to the enrichment of the interstellar medium (ISM) in heavy elements. Over time, these heavy elements, which may be injected as gas or dust particles, and the outflows that carry them, progressively modify the way that new stars and planets form, as well as the overall properties of the galaxies themselves. Gaining a greater understanding of star formation and the ISM evolution of galaxies, and their interplay, has provided the motivation for the construction of a large number international facilities, including ALMA and the planned JCMT surveys, the VLT and Gemini 8-m telescopes, the Spitzer Space Telescope, the Herschel Space Observatory and the James Webb Space Telescope. The co-applicants on the current proposal are heavily involved in research in this area and plan to use these facilities to tackle a number of outstanding problems. These include the role of young star clusters in driving outflows from starburst galaxies; the relative contributions of supernovae and evolved stars to the dust enrichment of galaxies; determining the structures of hot cores in star formation regions via chemical evolution models; investigating the cycling of gas and dust between diffuse clouds and dark clouds; investigating how star-forming regions at high redshifts can be studied via their molecular emission; developing a 3D radiative transfer code to self-consistently treat clumped photodissociation regions located around ionized nebulae, in order to interpret forthcoming observations by ESA's Herschel Space Observatory; and investigating molecular processes in a number of extreme astrophysical environments.