Entry and Retention of Women in the Sciences: A Cohort Comparison

女性在科学领域的进入和保留：队列比较

• 批准号: 8117258
• 负责人: Jennifer L Glass
• 金额: $ 18.87万
• 依托单位: CORNELL UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-09-01 至 2013-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8117258
• 关键词: Academia; Academic Training; Address; Affect; Aging; American; Area; Attitude; Award; Back; Behavior; Behavioral; Biological Sciences; Biotechnology; Budgets; Characteristics; Child Care; Commerce; Commit; Creativeness; Data; Databases; Discipline; Education; Employment; Engineering; Enrollment; Environment; Event; Family; Family Characteristics; Fellowship; Foundations; Gender; Goals; Government; Gray unit of radiation dose; Health; Individual; Industry; Institution; Investments; Justice; Labor Forces; Life Cycle Stages; Link; Longitudinal Surveys; Marital Status; Marriage; Mission; Occupational; Occupations; Parental Leave; Pathway interactions; Pattern; Performance; Personal Satisfaction; Policies; Policy Maker; Population; Quality of life; Recommendation; Research; Research Personnel; Role; Sampling; Science; Scientist; Shapes; Social Network; Surveys; Technology; Time; Training; Training Programs; United States National Institutes of Health; Wages; Woman; Work; Workplace; Youth; aged; base; career; child bearing; cohort; expectation; improved; men; post-doctoral training; programs; research and development; social; trend

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): A Cohort Comparison Women's under-representation in the science labor force has been of great concern to policy makers and researchers: Despite making impressive strides in educational attainment in Science, Math, Engineering and Behavioral (SMEB) fields, women lag behind in entry into and retention in the labor force in these areas. These trends reflect diminished returns on the billion of dollars in public investments in educating this labor force, and for women's contribution to the US economy. Moreover, jobs in SMEB disciplines are linked to higher wages, prestige, favorable conditions and upward mobility, and consequently, to women's well-being; exiting the labor force or transitioning into lower status occupation, then, also has implications for women's quality of life. Understanding women's performance in the science labor force is therefore seen as crucial given their potential role in the US economy. Researchers have begun to explore the labor force dynamics, and the challenges to the optimal participation of women in the science-based workplace. The majority of this research, however, has focused on women in academia, evaluating programs to advance women in educational institutions. Only a handful of researchers have looked at other sectors, such as industry. Moreover, most scholarly research has been retrospective, rather than following women prospectively across their life cycles. The central goal of the proposed project is to identify the role of attitudes, personal characteristics and family circumstances, and institutional environments in women's career pathways over time. Data for our study will come from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth of 1979 and 1997, ongoing panel surveys of nationally representative samples of 12,686 young men and women who were aged 14-22 in 1979, and 8,984 men and women who were between 13 and 17 in 1997. Our data allow us to draw comparisons between women scientists, and men scientists, and women in other disciplines over a 27 year period for the older cohort and over 9 years for the younger cohort. The aging of the older cohort provides an unprecedented opportunity to examine the long-term consequences of marriage and childbearing on career pathways, as well as compare them to opportunities and barriers facing younger women. We plan to make specific policy recommendations for both entry and retention of women in the science workforce based on our results. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Given the mission of the NIH to improve the health and well being of the American population, it is essential to retain the scientific creativity of the diverse group of trained scientists and engineers who can do this work. By understanding the barriers or obstacles to the full utilization of the scientific workforce, particularly women trained as scientists and engineers, we seek to improve the quantity and quality of health and health-related research in the US.

描述（由申请人提供）：队列比较女性在科学劳动力中的代表性不足一直是政策制定者和研究人员非常关注的问题：尽管女性在科学、数学、工程和行为（SMEB）领域的教育程度取得了令人印象深刻的进步，但在进入和保留这些领域的劳动力方面却落后。这些趋势反映了用于教育这些劳动力的数十亿美元公共投资的回报减少，以及女性对美国经济的贡献减少。此外，中小企业学科的工作与更高的工资、声望、有利的条件和向上流动有关，因此与妇女的福祉有关；因此，退出劳动力市场或过渡到地位较低的职业，也会对女性的生活质量产生影响。因此，考虑到女性在美国经济中的潜在作用，了解她们在科学劳动力中的表现被视为至关重要。研究人员已经开始探索劳动力动态，以及女性在以科学为基础的工作场所中最佳参与的挑战。然而，这项研究的大部分都集中在学术界的女性身上，评估教育机构中促进女性发展的项目。只有少数研究人员研究过其他领域，比如工业。此外，大多数学术研究都是回顾性的，而不是前瞻性地跟踪女性的整个生命周期。拟议项目的中心目标是查明态度、个人特点和家庭环境以及体制环境在妇女长期职业道路中的作用。我们研究的数据将来自1979年和1997年的全国青年纵向调查，这是对1979年年龄在14-22岁之间的12,686名青年男女和1997年年龄在13 - 17岁之间的8,984名青年男女的全国代表性样本进行的小组调查。我们的数据使我们能够对女性科学家、男性科学家和其他学科的女性进行比较，年龄较大的队列为27年，年轻的队列为9年以上。老年群体的老龄化提供了一个前所未有的机会，可以研究婚姻和生育对职业道路的长期影响，并将其与年轻女性面临的机会和障碍进行比较。我们计划根据我们的研究结果，为女性进入和保留科学劳动力提出具体的政策建议。公共卫生相关性：鉴于美国国立卫生研究院的使命是改善美国人口的健康和福祉，必须保持能够从事这项工作的受过训练的科学家和工程师的科学创造力。通过了解充分利用科学劳动力，特别是受过科学家和工程师培训的妇女的障碍或障碍，我们力求提高美国卫生和与卫生有关的研究的数量和质量。