Neuronal Mechanisms Mediating Visual Search

描述（由申请人提供）：一个典型的视觉场景将包含许多不同的对象，其中很少有与手头的任务相关的。因此，需要注意机制来找到相关的对象和抑制干扰。对这些注意力机制的理解最终将有助于为严重视觉障碍的人开发视觉假体，也将有助于为患有影响注意力的大脑疾病（包括ADHD）的人开发治疗方法。这项研究的长期目标是不仅要揭示注意力对大脑视觉处理的影响，还要了解这些影响发生的神经机制。特别重要的是要了解注意机制在自然条件下是如何运作的，例如当我们自由地移动我们的目光，根据它们的特征找到物体时（例如视觉搜索，或在人群中找到一张脸）。我们的重点是视觉区V4，这是一个中间处理阶段的皮层通路重要的物体识别。新的研究结果表明，有利于行为相关刺激的注意偏向可能不仅涉及V4神经元平均放电率的变化，而且还涉及V4活动的同步时间。第一个具体的目的是测试假设的不同功能的贡献，在V4区的上层和下层的基于特征的注意力在视觉搜索。下一个目标是建立放电率和神经同步的具体贡献的行为表现的动物从事视觉搜索。第三个目的是确定在视觉搜索过程中，前额叶皮层对注意对V4神经元反应和同步性的影响。这些目标将使我们更好地理解视觉皮层中注意力的功能解剖学，注意力对行为的特定生物学机制的贡献，以及视觉皮层自上而下反馈的本质。该研究项目的中心假设是，前额叶皮层的神经元引起腹侧流视觉区（如V4区）的放电率和神经同步性的变化，这些变化介导了在自然视觉搜索条件下对相关对象的选择。这些假设测试了新的想法，但它们得到了初步数据的充分支持，而且我们已经有了多年的技术经验，因此我们有能力测试它们。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): A typical visual scene will contain many different objects, few of which will be relevant to the task at hand. Thus, attentional mechanisms are needed to find relevant objects and suppress distracters. An understanding of these attentional mechanisms will ultimately help in developing a visual prosthesis for people with severe visual impairments, and will also help in developing treatments for people with brain disorders affecting attention, including ADHD. The long term goal of this proposal is to not only uncover attentional influences on visual processing in the brain, but also to understand the neuronal mechanisms by which these effects occur. It is particularly important to understand how the attentional mechanism operates under naturalistic conditions, such as when we freely move our gaze to find objects based on their features (e.g. visual search, or finding a "face in a crowd"). Our focus is on visual area V4, which is an intermediate processing stage in the cortical pathway important for object recognition. New results suggest that the attentional bias in favor of behaviorally relevant stimuli may involve not only changes in the average firing rate of V4 neurons, but also the synchronous timing of V4 activity. The first specific aim is to test hypotheses about the different functional contributions of the upper and lower layers in area V4 to feature-based attention in visual search. The next aim is to establish the specific contributions of firing rates and neural synchrony to the behavioral performance of animals engaged in visual search. The third aim is to determine the contribution of prefrontal cortex to the attentional effects on V4 neuronal responses and synchrony during visual search. These aims will give us a better understanding of the functional anatomy of attention in the visual cortex, the contributions of specific biological mechanisms of attention to behavior, and the nature of top-down feedback to the visual cortex. The central hypothesis of the research program is that neurons in prefrontal cortex induce changes in both firing rates and neural synchrony in ventral stream visual areas such as area V4, and that these changes mediate the selection of relevant objects under naturalistic conditions of visual search. These hypotheses test novel ideas, but they are well supported by preliminary data, and we are well-positioned to test them since we have had many years of experience with the techniques.