"Crippled": A History of Childhood Disability in America, 1860-1980

描述(由申请人提供)： 《跛行：1860-1980年美国儿童残疾史》将是第一部关于美国肢体残疾儿童的全书历史研究，超越了脊髓灰质炎的故事。这个项目的目的是探索从19世纪中叶到20世纪70年代这个词在美国儿童中的应用，这个词的力量是什么，当时这个词被废弃了，这个概念让位于更广泛的概念--“残疾儿童”。虽然历史学家仔细研究了其他类型的残疾和残疾人群体，但除了将脊髓灰质炎作为一种医疗、文化和社会现象进行研究外，骨科残疾儿童的问题一直被忽视。然而，当脊髓灰质炎成为一种主要威胁时(1910年代)，人们就已经很好地关注“残疾儿童”，而在脊髓灰质炎疫苗可用后(1955年)，残疾儿童仍然存在于社会中。这部社会和文化史将探索外科医生和其他医生、康复专业人员、慈善工作者和倡导者如何塑造残疾儿童的医学定义和文化意义，以及他们如何回应被定义为残疾儿童的需求，同时将儿童的生活经历保持在叙事的中心。该项目始于1863年，成立了美国第一家主要为残障儿童服务的医院(纽约破裂和残障儿童医院)，并于1980年结束，到那时，几乎所有的慈善和倡导组织和医院都从他们的名字中删除了“残废”一词。该项目将使用口述历史和标准历史研究方法，即在现有史学的背景下，分析各种档案收藏品的主要来源。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): "Crippled": A History of Childhood Disability in America, 1860-1980, will be the first book-length historical study of physically disabled children in the United States to expand beyond the story of polio. The purpose of this project is to explore the power of term "crippled" as it was applied to children in the United States from the mid-nineteenth century through the 1970s, when the term fell into disuse and the concept gave way to the more broadly conceived "disabled child." While historians have scrutinized other types of disabilities and groups of disabled people, the subject of children with orthopedic disabilities has been neglected apart from research on polio as a medical, cultural, and social phenomenon. Concern for the "crippled child," however, was already well established when polio emerged as a major threat (1910s), and the crippled child was still present in society after the polio vaccine became available (1955). This social and cultural history will explore the ways in which surgeons and other physicians, rehabilitation professionals, charity workers, and advocates shaped the medical definitions and cultural meanings of the crippled child and the ways in which they responded to the needs of children defined as crippled, while keeping the lived experiences of the children central to the narrative. The project begins with the 1863 founding of the first hospital in the US primarily serving crippled children (the New York Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled) and concludes in 1980, by which time virtually all charitable and advocacy organizations and hospitals had removed the word "crippled" from their names. The project will use both oral history and standard historical research methodologies, i.e., the analysis of primary sources from a wide variety of archival collections, placed in the context of existing historiography.