Fis1 regulation of mitochondrial fission

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DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this proposal is to identify the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial fission and its role in apoptosis. Defects in mitochondrial fission have severe consequences and even death. Yet little is known about how fission works and is coordinated with other cellular processes. Genetic and cellular studies, primarily in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, by other investigators have led to the development of a model for mitochondrial fission. In this model, the protein Fis1 regulates fission by mediating the assembly of a dynamin- related GTPase, Dnm1, and an adaptor protein, Mdv1, at the sites of constriction on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Although the data from the qualitative model are suggestive, the model does not explain how this important process is regulated. By integrating cell biological, biochemical, and biophysical data with low- and high-resolution structures of the fission machinery, the current proposal aims to develop a comprehensive model for mitochondrial fission. The first specific aim is to define the protein-protein interactions in solution that are important to fission through experiments that will define domains that support these interactions, the stoichiometries and affinities of these interactions and their consequences on Dnm1 activity. Low-resolution images of the proposed fission machinery will be obtained by electron microscopy. High-resolution structures of Fis1, the binary Fis1/Mdv1 complex, and the ternary Fis1/Mdv1/Dnm1 complex will be pursued by NMR spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography. The second specific aim is to identify yeast Fis1 residues important for homodimerization, Mdv1 binding, and Dnm1 binding. We will identify mutants of Fis1 that affect oligomerization and test these mutants for altered activities to define their importance in assembly of the fission machinery. The third specific aim is to determine whether Fis1 affects the assembly of Dnm1 and Mdv1 on the membrane through experiments with membranes derived from synthetic lipids and isolated mitochondria. These experiments should also allow determination of the order of assembly. The resulting data from all three approaches will be integrated into a complete picture of how mitochondrial fission is accomplished. The analyses also promise considerable general insight into the basis of dynamin-based membrane dynamics, as well as protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. Human homologues of the mitochondrial fission machinery exist and are reported to be important in regulating apoptosis, which is linked to many important diseases. Therefore, detailed information on mitochondrial fission might be helpful in designing strategies to inhibit or induce apoptosis. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Mitochondria perform many essential functions that are thought to require frequent mitochondrial fission and fusion events, which are accomplished by distinct protein machineries. A point mutant in the mitochondrial fission protein, Dnm1, caused infant death. Additionally, mitochondrial fission increases during apoptosis, a process whose misregulation contributes to many human diseases. The work proposed will illuminate mechanistic details of these processes and represents an important step towards the discovery of new therapeutic strategies for human diseases.