Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor in CNS viral infection and inflammation

描述（由申请人提供）：本申请的总体目标是研究胰岛素样生长因子2受体（IGF 2 R）在HIV相关神经认知障碍中的作用。拟议的K 01指导研究将对我作为一名新的独立研究者的职业发展产生重大影响，并使我能够实现我的长期目标，即提高对与艾滋病毒/艾滋病相关的神经系统疾病的理解和治疗。IGF 2 R在胎儿发育和溶酶体酶运输中具有关键功能，但由于全球IGF 2 R KO小鼠的围产期致死性，其在整个生物体中的出生后作用在很大程度上是未知的。我们已经获得了令人信服的数据表明，IGF 2 R在HIV脑炎的活化小胶质细胞中强烈上调，IGF 2 R的功能是促进HIV表达和小胶质细胞中趋化因子的产生。这些发现表明IGF 2 R生物学的先前未知方面，即IGF 2 R表达在巨噬细胞中受到高度调节。由于IGF 2 R的功能是降解IGF肽（IGF 1和IGF 2）和血清IGF水平在病毒感染过程中降低，我们提出，在病毒感染和炎症过程中，脑巨噬细胞中IGF 2 R的过度表达导致IGF 2和IGF 1的降解增加，剥夺了神经元必需的营养因子。我们进一步提出IGF 2 R促进小胶质细胞的前病毒和促炎活性，使HIV传播、炎症和神经元损伤的恶性循环永久化。具体目的是（1A）：确定患有/不患有脑炎的HIV-和HIV+个体体内人CNS中IGF 2 R表达的调节。(1E3)确定炎症和感染刺激对体外人小胶质细胞中IGF 2 R表达的调节;（2A）确定IGF 2 R在体外小胶质细胞HIV感染中的作用;（2B）确定IGF 2 R在小胶质细胞炎症基因表达中的作用;（3A）产生和表征巨噬细胞特异性IGF 2 R KO小鼠;（3B）使用IGF 2 R KO小鼠在体内和体外确定IGF 2 R在HIV感染中的功能。在完成所建议的研究后，我将获得三个重要领域的培训：神经病理学、病毒学和动物研究，这些都是神经艾滋病研究的关键领域。通过计划中的实验，结合现有的导师，教育计划和爱因斯坦的CFAR计划，一步一步的进展将确保成功的独立训练，以及实现本申请中概述的科学目标。IGF 2 R是一种以前未在脑巨噬细胞中研究的蛋白质。基于证明其在HIV感染期间新表达的令人信服的数据，研究人员提出了一个新的假设，即脑巨噬细胞在维持脑中胰岛素样生长因子肽平衡方面发挥着核心作用，并且HIV感染期间该过程的失调可能导致神经退行性变。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this application is to investigate the role of insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R) in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. The proposed K01 mentored research will critically influence my career development as a new independent investigator and will enable me to fulfill my long-term objective of improving the understanding and treatment of nervous system disorders associated with HIV/AIDS. IGF2R has a crucial function in fetal development and in lysosomal enzyme trafficking but due to the perinatal lethality of the global IGF2R KO mouse, its postnatal role in the whole organism is largely unknown. We have obtained compelling data that indicate that IGF2R is robustly upregulated in activated microglia in HIV encephalitis and that IGF2R functions to promote HIV expression and chemokine production in microglia. These findings suggest previous unknown aspects of IGF2R biology that IGF2R expression is highly regulated in macrophages. Since IGF2R functions to degrade IGF peptides (IGF1 and IGF2) and serum IGF levels are reduced during viral infection, we propose that over-expression of IGF2R in brain macrophages during viral infection and inflammation leads to increased degradation of IGF2 and IGF1, depriving neurons of the necessary trophic factors. We further propose that IGF2R promotes the proviral and proinflammatory activity of microglia, perpetuating the vicious cycle of HIV spread, inflammation and neuronal damage. Specific Aims are (1A): to determine the regulation of IGF2R expression in human CNS in vivo of HIV- and HIV+ individuals with/without encephalitis. (1E3) Determine the regulation of IGF2R expression in human microglia in vitro by inflammatory and infectious stimuli; (2A) to determine the role of IGF2R in HIV infection of microglia in vitro; (2B) to determine the role of IGF2R in microglial inflammatory gene expression; (3A) to generate and characterize macrophage-specific IGF2R KO mice; (3B) to determine the function of IGF2R in HIV infection in vivo and in vitro using the IGF2R KO mice. Upon completion of the proposed studies, I will have attained training in three important areas: neuropathology, virology and in animal studies, all crucial areas of neuroAIDS research. A step-wise progression through the planned experiments combined with the available mentorship, educational programs and the CFAR program at Einstein will ensure successful training towards independence, as well as achievement of the scientific goals outlined in this application. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE The IGF2R is a protein not previously investigated in brain macrophages. Based on the compelling data demonstrating its new expression during HIV infection, the investigators propose a novel hypothesis that brain macrophages play a central role in maintaining the insulin-like growth factor peptide balance in the brain and that dysregulation of this process during HIV infection can lead to neurodegeneration.