Perceptual, Cognitive, and Motor Rigidity in Parkinson's Disease

描述(由申请人提供)：运动僵硬是帕金森氏病(PD)的一个标志性症状，越来越多的证据表明，在认知和个性等非运动领域的僵硬。提出的问题是，这种僵硬是否延伸到视知觉，这在帕金森病中是不正常的。对健康成年人的知觉研究主要集中在知觉可逆性上，这是一种切换双稳态模糊形象的能力。知觉的可逆性取决于通常受帕金森病影响的大脑区域，包括皮质纹状体-丘脑皮质回路。本研究旨在探讨帕金森病患者的知觉僵硬，以及与这种知觉现象相关的机制，以及它与运动、认知和人格僵硬的关系。非痴呆帕金森病患者和年龄匹配的正常对照组参与者将被呈现双稳态(可逆)图形，并将被评估他们从一种感知解释转换到另一种感知解释的自然能力。将评估他们在双目竞争(一幅图像对另一幅图像的知觉优势)方面的更替率。为了探索僵硬背后的可能机制，将进行几个实验，包括意志控制、视觉空间注意以及当刺激特征退化时进行自下而上加工的能力。参与者将被评估认知僵硬(执行功能的神经心理测试，包括坚持不懈)、运动僵硬(步态测量手臂和腿部运动之间以及骨盆和胸部旋转之间的相对阶段)和个性僵硬(问卷)。假设与对照组相比，帕金森病患者的知觉可逆性降低，因为由于支持选择性注意和定势转移认知能力的额纹状体顶层网络受损，他们有意“放弃”主导知觉的能力降低。第二，假设自下而上的信息对帕金森病患者知觉优势的影响弱于对照参与者。第三，假设在帕金森病组中，知觉僵硬与认知、运动和人格僵硬之间存在显著的相关性，因为这些运动和非运动性帕金森病症状都来自于基底神经节功能障碍的直接和间接影响。了解帕金森病患者知觉僵硬的本质，有助于开展知觉干预，提高帕金森病患者的生活质量和独立性。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Motor rigidity is a hallmark symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), and there is increasing evidence for rigidity in non-motor domains such as cognition and personality. The question is raised as to whether such rigidity extends to visual perception, which is known to be abnormal in PD. Research on perception with healthy adults has focused on perceptual reversibility, which is the ability to switch the image of a bistable ambiguous figure. Perceptual reversibility depends on brain areas that are typically affected by PD, including corticostriatal-thalamocortical circuitry. The proposed study aims to examine perceptual rigidity in PD, the mechanisms associated with this perceptual phenomenon, and its association with motor, cognitive and personality rigidity. Non-demented PD patients and age-matched normal control participants will be presented with bistable (reversible) figures and will be assessed for their natural ability to switch from one perceptual interpretation to the other. Their alternation rate for binocular rivalry (perceptual dominance of one image over the other one) will be assessed. In order to explore possible mechanisms underlying rigidity, several experiments will be conducted including examinations of volitional control, visuospatial attention, and the ability to engage in bottom-up processing when stimulus features are degraded. The participants will be assessed for cognitive rigidity (neuropsychological tests of executive function including perseveration), motor rigidity (gait measures of relative phase between arm and leg movements and between pelvic and thoracic rotation), and personality rigidity (questionnaire). It is hypothesized that relative to the control group, individuals with PD will show reductions in perceptual reversibility in that they will have a reduced ability to intentionally "let go" of the dominant percept due to compromised fronto-striatal-parietal networks that support the cognitive abilities of selective attention and set-shifting. Second, it is hypothesized that bottom-up information will have a weaker effect on perceptual dominance in PD patients than in control participants. Third, it is hypothesized that in the PD group, there will be significant correlations between perceptual rigidity and cognitive, motor, and personality rigidity as these motor and non-motor PD symptoms all emanate from the direct and indirect influence of the dysfunctional basal ganglia. Understanding the nature of perceptual rigidity in PD can inform the development of perceptual interventions to enhance PD patients' quality of life and independence.