Motion processing with two eyes in three dimensions

项目总结/摘要 物体在三维环境中移动，灵长类动物非常善于与三维物体互动。 动态3D世界，无论是相对于移动的对象，因为他们移动自己的身体。这个目标 拟议的研究是了解灵长类动物大脑中的神经回路如何利用双眼信息， 表示对象在3D空间中移动的方向。我们特别关注的是了解 大脑从两个视网膜上的不同运动模式推断出真实的运动速度， 3D环境中的物体。为了理解这种从“眼睛”到“眼睛”的关键转变是如何发生的， “环境”表征是由大脑执行的，我们提出了以下一套心理物理和 电生理研究 目的1：测试感知灵敏度是否反映眼睛或环境速度 关键是评估人类对3D方向的感知是否反映了物体在空间中的速度。 环境，或者仍然与落在视网膜上的速度有关。我们将使用典型的模式 感知灵敏度（由我们对环境中的运动如何与 投射在视网膜上的速度），以测试感知是否仍然与眼速度有关，或者是否 正确估计（和使用）观看距离，以表达环境方面的敏感性，独立于 移动物体的空间和深度我们还将继续推广经典的 心理物理学的一个新的持续跟踪任务，我们在上一个周期开发。 目的2：评估清醒注视灵长类动物背流（MT、MST、VIP）的3D速度调谐 在这项资助支持的先前工作中，我们发现MT区的许多神经元被调谐为差异神经元。 两个眼睛中的速度，与3D方向选择性一致。我们现在建议描述这些 在更广泛的脑区（MT，MST，VIP）的反应，并测试这些反应是否反映调谐 不同的视觉速度或对环境方向的敏感性。 目的3：测试双眼3D运动知觉中背流区的选择性因果作用 这个目标扩展了目标1的行为跟踪范式，使我们能够将人类和猴子联系起来。 对3D方向的感知灵敏度。然后，我们将采用可逆的神经失活和立体 在这个范例中的刺激操作，以测试背侧视觉区在3D运动中的选择性因果作用 perception.

PROJECT SUMMARY / ABSTRACT Objects move through the environment in three dimensions, and primates are very adept at interacting with a dynamic 3D world, both with respect to moving objects and as they move their own bodies. The goal of this proposed research is to understand how neural circuits in the primate brain exploit binocular information to represent the direction of objects moving through 3D space. Our particular focus is understanding how the brain goes from differential patterns of motion falling upon the two retinae to inferences about velocities of real objects in the 3D environment. In order to understand how this critical transformation from an “ocular” to an “environmental” representation is performed by the brain, we propose the following suite of psychophysical and electrophysiological investigation. Aim 1: Test whether perceptual sensitivity reflects ocular or environmental velocity It is critical to assess whether human perception of 3D direction reflects the velocity of objects in the environment, or remains tied to the velocities that fall upon the retinae. We will use the characteristic patterns of perceptual sensitivity (bolstered by our geometric understanding of how motions in the environment relate to velocities projected upon the retina) to test whether perception remains tied to ocular velocities, or whether it correctly estimates (and uses) viewing distance to express sensitivity in environmental terms, independent of exactly where in space and depth the moving object is. We will also continue to generalize classical psychophysics to a novel continuous tracking task that we developed in the last cycle. Aim 2: Assess 3D velocity tuning across the dorsal stream (MT, MST, VIP) of awake fixating primates In the prior work supported by this grant, we showed that many neurons in area MT are tuned for differential velocities in the two eyes, consistent with 3D direction-selectivity. We now propose to characterize these responses in a broader array of brain areas (MT, MST, VIP) and to test whether these responses reflect tuning to differential ocular velocity or sensitivity to environmental direction. Aim 3: Test for a selective causal roles of dorsal stream areas in binocular 3D motion perception This aim extends the behavioral tracking paradigm from Aim 1 that will allow us to link human and monkey perceptual sensitivity to 3D direction. We will then employ reversible neural inactivations and stereoscopic stimulus manipulations within this paradigm to test for selective causal roles of dorsal visual areas in 3D motion perception.