Understanding the Short- and Long-Term Impacts of Childhood Exposure to Violence: Evidence from School Shootings

了解童年遭受暴力的短期和长期影响：来自学校枪击事件的证据

• 批准号: 10667519
• 负责人: Maya Rossin-Slater
• 金额: $ 24.99万
• 依托单位: STANFORD UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-08-01 至 2024-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10667519
• 关键词: Adult; Adverse effects; Affect; Antidepressive Agents; Aquilegia; Area; Attention; Behavioral; Biological; Brain; Buffers; Characteristics; Child; Childhood; Data; Development; Disparity; Dropout; Economics; Education; Eligibility Determination; Emotional Disturbance; Employment; Enrollment; Environment; Ethnic Origin; Event; Exposure to; Family; Gender; Income; Individual; Intervention; Knowledge; Learning; Link; Literature; Location; Measures; Mental Health; Mental Health Services; Methods; Modeling; Outcome; Parents; Pathway interactions; Personal Satisfaction; Persons; Policy Maker; Population; Poverty; Price; Primary Schools; Psychologist; Race; Records; Reporting; Research; Resources; Schools; Secondary Schools; Security; Severities; Socioeconomic Status; Special Education; Statistical Algorithm; Stress; Students; Subgroup; Survivors; Suspensions; System; Testing; Texas; Time; Translating; Trauma; Trust; United States; Violence; Wages; Youth; adverse outcome; cohort; college; coping; demographics; economic outcome; education research; evidence base; experience; graduate school; high risk; high school; higher education; indexing; low socioeconomic status; physical conditioning; positive youth development; resilience; school based health center; school shooting; trauma exposure; violence exposure

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT School shootings are increasingly frequent in the United States. While public attention focuses on victims who were killed, many more people experience a shooting and survive: More than 240,000 students have been on school grounds during a shooting in the last two decades. A large literature characterizes the pathways through which trauma from exposure to violence during childhood can adversely impact individual wellbeing, and existing studies show that exposure to violence is correlated with higher rates of adverse outcomes in later childhood and adulthood. But this literature can only offer suggestive evidence, as other differences between exposed and non-exposed individuals could confound the documented relationships and weaken causal inference. And there is limited knowledge on how these impacts translate into other behavioral and educational outcomes and long- term economic wellbeing, or on interventions that can buffer against the negative consequences and promote adjustment, resilience, and positive development for youth in these high-risk environments. This project aims to advance knowledge on these issues by studying the causal effects of school shootings on children's short- and long-term behavioral, educational, and economic outcomes, using 25 years of administrative data on all public school students in Texas, linked to data on the dates and locations of 64 school shootings. The project will use difference-in-difference models to estimate the effects of school shootings on a range of student outcomes, including attendance, suspensions and expulsions, transitions into special education for emotional disturbance, test scores, dropout, high school graduation, college enrollment/graduation, and adult employment and earnings. For outcomes observed before and after a shooting, the analysis will compare the before/after change in outcomes of students at schools that experience a shooting, relative to the before/after change over the same time period for students at control schools without shootings. For long-term outcomes only observed post- exposure, the analysis will compare students enrolled in schools at the time of the shooting to those who have already graduated or not yet enrolled, relative to the difference between these cohorts at control schools without shootings. The project will also identify groups of children who are most severely affected by shootings through sub-group analyses that compare effects by shooting severity, student race/ethnicity, grade level at exposure, and socioeconomic status. The project will additionally determine whether and which types of school resources can buffer against negative effects of school shootings through sub-group analyses that compare the effects of exposure across schools that do and do not have school resource officers, school psychologists, and school- based health centers with mental health services. Results will help policymakers, schools, and parents understand these impacts, identify sub-groups of children most in need of resources to mitigate adverse effects, and learn about effective resources for helping children who have experienced a school shooting.

项目摘要/摘要 美国校园枪击案日益频繁。虽然公众的注意力集中在受害者身上 更多的人经历了枪击并幸免于难：超过24万名学生在 在过去20年的一次枪击事件中，学校操场上发生了一起爆炸。一部大型文献描述了通过 儿童时期接触暴力造成的创伤会对个人福祉产生不利影响， 研究表明，接触暴力与儿童后期不良后果的发生率较高相关 和成人期。但这些文献只能提供提示性证据，因为暴露的和 非接触者可能会混淆记录在案的关系，并削弱因果推理。还有那里 对于这些影响如何转化为其他行为和教育结果以及长期- 长期经济福祉，或能够缓冲负面后果并促进 青年在这些高风险环境中的调整、复原力和积极发展。该项目旨在 通过研究校园枪击事件对儿童行为的因果影响，加深对这些问题的认识 长期的行为、教育和经济结果，使用关于所有公众的25年管理数据 德克萨斯州的学生，链接到校园枪击事件的日期和地点的数据。该项目将使用 差分模型用于估计校园枪击事件对一系列学生结果的影响， 包括出席、停学和开除，过渡到针对情绪障碍的特殊教育， 考试成绩、辍学、高中毕业、大学入学/毕业以及成人就业和收入。 对于射击前后观察到的结果，分析将比较射击前后的变化 经历枪击事件的学校学生的结果，相对于之前/之后的变化 控制学校的学生没有发生枪击事件的时间段。对于仅在事后观察到的长期结果 通过曝光，分析将比较枪击事件发生时入学的学生和 已经毕业或尚未入学，相对于控制学校的这些队列之间的差异 枪击事件。该项目还将通过以下方式确定受枪击影响最严重的儿童群体 小组分析根据枪击严重程度、学生种族/民族、暴露时的年级水平 和社会经济地位。该项目还将确定是否以及哪些类型的学校资源 可以通过分组分析来缓冲校园枪击事件的负面影响，这些分析比较了 在有和没有学校资源官员、学校心理学家和学校的学校之间的接触- 以健康中心为基础，提供精神健康服务。结果将帮助决策者、学校和家长 了解这些影响，确定最需要资源以减轻不利影响的儿童亚群， 并了解帮助经历过校园枪击事件的儿童的有效资源。

项目成果

Local exposure to school shootings and youth antidepressant use.

当地发生校园枪击事件和青少年使用抗抑郁药物。

• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000804117
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
• 影响因子: 11.1
• 作者: Rossin-Slater,Maya;Schnell,Molly;Schwandt,Hannes;Trejo,Sam;Uniat,Lindsey
• 通讯作者: Uniat,Lindsey