Detection of Pathogens in Avian Fecal Pollution

禽类粪便污染中病原体的检测

• 批准号: 6668808
• 负责人: SANDRA L. MCLELLAN
• 金额: $ 14.7万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MILWAUKEE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2003
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2003-07-11 至 2006-01-01
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6668808
• 关键词: Adenoviridae; Aves; Campylobacter; Cryptosporidium; Escherichia coli; Giardia; Salmonella; aquatic organism; biomarker; disease /disorder proneness /risk; environmental exposure; feces; microorganism classification; microorganism culture; polymerase chain reaction; recreation; serotyping; water environment; water microbiology; water pollution; water quality; water sampling /testing

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Nationwide, beach closings constitute a major environmental and public health concern. Recreational water quality is evaluated by measuring levels of bacteria such as enterococci, fecal coliforms, or E. coli, all of which indicate the presence of fecal contamination. In freshwater, the EPA recommends that water quality advisories be issued when levels exceed the guideline of 235 E. coli/100 ml; these levels have been established by epidemiological studies that have shown a correlation between concentrations of indicator organisms and gastroenteritis. The health risks associated with exposure to fecal pollution are different depending on the source of contamination. We have found that levels of E. coli in recreational water are highly influenced by localized contamination from roosting birds, and many times are not a reflection of serious contamination events that present a known health risk, such as human sewage overflows. Gulls, the most prevalent type of coastal aquatic bird and waterfowl, are known to carry human pathogens such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. The potential for beach areas to act as reservoirs for human pathogens is not known. In addition, the relationship between levels of human pathogens introduced into surface water by gulls or waterfowl and those of indicator bacteria is not well established. We will evaluate human health risk at beach sites that have experienced chronic beach closings due to localized contamination. In these studies we will 1) determine pathogen occurrence in gull populations that inhabit beach areas, 2) develop direct detection methodology for pathogens that can be applied to recreational water samples, and 3) perform pilot studies to determine the potential for avian adenovirus to be used as a specific marker for avian fecal pollution. Basic information as to the occurrence of human pathogens in beach ecosystems is essential in order to design further studies to assess human health risk, determine parameters that influence transport and fate of these pathogens in the nearshore environment, and finally, develop assessment tools that can discern the sources of fecal pollution.

描述（由申请人提供）：在全国范围内，海滩关闭构成了一个重大的环境和公共卫生问题。娱乐用水的质量是通过测量肠球菌、粪便大肠菌群或大肠杆菌等细菌的水平来评估的，所有这些都表明存在粪便污染。在淡水中，美国环保署建议，当含量超过235大肠杆菌/100毫升的指导值时，应发布水质警告；这些水平是通过流行病学研究确定的，这些研究表明指示生物浓度与肠胃炎之间存在相关性。与接触粪便污染有关的健康风险因污染源而异。我们发现，娱乐用水中的大肠杆菌水平受到栖息鸟类的局部污染的高度影响，而且很多时候并没有反映出存在已知健康风险的严重污染事件，例如人类污水溢出。海鸥是最常见的沿海水鸟和水禽，已知携带人类病原体，如沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌。海滩地区作为人类病原体储存库的潜力尚不清楚。此外，海鸥或水禽带入地表水的人类病原体水平与指示细菌水平之间的关系尚未得到很好的确定。我们将评估因局部污染而长期关闭的海滩地点的人类健康风险。在这些研究中，我们将1)确定居住在海滩地区的海鸥种群中的病原体发生情况，2)开发可应用于娱乐水样的病原体直接检测方法，以及3)进行试点研究，以确定禽腺病毒作为禽粪便污染特定标记物的潜力。关于海滩生态系统中人类病原体发生情况的基本信息至关重要，以便设计进一步的研究，以评估人类健康风险，确定影响这些病原体在近岸环境中的迁移和命运的参数，并最终开发能够辨别粪便污染源的评估工具。