Expertise, Face Recognition & the Cerebral Hemispheres

专业知识，人脸识别

• 批准号: 6768927
• 负责人: DAVID J TURK
• 金额: $ 7.9万
• 依托单位: DARTMOUTH COLLEGE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2004
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2004-03-01 至 2006-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6768927
• 关键词: behavior prediction; behavior test; behavioral /social science research tag; bias; brain interhemispheric activity; clinical research; face; face expression; form /pattern perception; neural information processing; pigmentation; racial /ethnic difference; short term memory; social desirability; videotape /videodisc; visual feedback; visual perception

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): What is it about the faces of people from other races that make them so difficult to remember? The own-race bias (ORB) in recognition memory has been shown in a number of empirical studies (Meissner and Brigham, 2001). However, there is no clear understanding of the cognitive processes that drive this effect. Early perceptual processing of faces has been shown to activate regions of the ventral temporal cortex bilaterally (Kanwisher et al., 1997), but predominantly in the right hemisphere. This region has latterly been argued to support not face recognition per se, but expert object recognition (Gauthier et al., 2003; Gauthier et al., 2000). Since experience of, or 'contact' with, other races has been suggested as an important factor in the ORB, one might predict a right hemisphere locus to the own-race bias in memory Kuskowski & Pardo, 1999). However, a recent neuroimaging study showed that in fact it was left hemisphere ventral temporal activation that correlated with subsequent recognition accuracy and the ORB. In order to evaluate the relative contribution of each cerebral hemisphere to the ORB the main part of this project will examine face recognition in the split-brain. We will then examine the role of visual information in the face (skin color or configural changes) in the ORB. If race is processed as a visual feature (Levin, 2000) which leads to categorical (and stereotypic - Blair et al., 2002) processing of the face, we can ask what aspects of the face trigger this type of processing? The specific contribution of elements such as skin color and configural properties of cross-race faces to the ORB will be examined. Finally, we will explore the effects of dual-task interference on own- and cross-race face recognition in working memory. If expertise serves to increase capacity in working memory (Ericsson and Kintsch, 1995) then dual-task interference should have little impact on own-race face recognition (Turk, 2001 ), but should impair memory for cross-race faces. This project seeks to evaluate the relative contribution of the two cerebral hemispheres to the ORB and by implication, the role of expertise or familiarity with face types as the driving force behind the own-race bias in working memory.

描述（由申请人提供）：其他种族的人的面孔为何如此难以记住？许多实证研究都表明了识别记忆中的本种族偏差（ORB）（Meissner 和 Brigham，2001）。然而，对于驱动这种效应的认知过程还没有明确的理解。面部的早期感知处理已被证明可以激活双侧腹侧颞叶皮层区域（Kanwisher 等人，1997），但主要是在右半球。最近有人认为该区域不支持面部识别本身，而是支持专家对象识别（Gauthier 等人，2003 年；Gauthier 等人，2000 年）。由于与其他种族的经历或“接触”被认为是 ORB 中的一个重要因素，人们可能会预测记忆中本种族偏差的右半球轨迹（Kuskowski & Pardo，1999）。然而，最近的一项神经影像学研究表明，事实上，左半球腹侧颞叶激活与随后的识别准确性和 ORB 相关。为了评估每个大脑半球对 ORB 的相对贡献，该项目的主要部分将检查裂脑中的面部识别。然后我们将检查 ORB 中面部视觉信息（肤色或结构变化）的作用。如果种族被处理为一种视觉特征（Levin，2000），这会导致面部的分类（和刻板印象 - Blair 等人，2002）处理，我们可以问面部的哪些方面触发了这种类型的处理？将检查诸如肤色和跨种族面孔的配置属性等元素对 ORB 的具体贡献。最后，我们将探讨双任务干扰对工作记忆中自己和跨种族人脸识别的影响。如果专业知识有助于增加工作记忆容量（Ericsson 和 Kintsch，1995），那么双任务干扰应该对同族人脸识别影响不大（Turk，2001），但会损害跨种族人脸的记忆。该项目旨在评估两个大脑半球对 ORB 的相对贡献，并暗示专业知识或对面部类型的熟悉程度作为工作记忆中本族偏见背后的驱动力的作用。