Signal Transduction In Mast Cells

蛋白酪氨酸激酶Lyn和Syk在高亲和力IgE受体（FceRI）诱导的信号转导中起重要作用。对Syk阴性细胞的实验表明，大多数受体诱导的酪氨酸磷酸化发生在Syk的下游，其中一些可能是该激酶的实际底物。为了鉴定新的Lyn和Syk底物，我们在RBL-2H3细菌表达文库中筛选了被杆状病毒表达的Lyn和Syk酪氨酸磷酸化的蛋白。鉴定出5个潜在Lyn底物和8个Syk底物，包括已知底物如SLP-76、LAT和α -微管蛋白。Lyn发现的一个潜在底物是分子TOM1L1，该分子具有几个被认为对膜运输和蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用很重要的结构域。由于TOM1L1的功能尚不清楚，我们分离大鼠TOM1L1全长cDNA，在COS-1和RBL-2H3细胞中表达该蛋白。在COS-1细胞中，TOM1L1和Lyn而不是Syk共转染导致TOM1L1的酪氨酸磷酸化。在RBL-2H3肥大细胞中，内源性和过表达的TOM1L1在非刺激细胞中都被酪氨酸磷酸化，并且这种磷酸化通过IgE受体聚集而增加。通过亚细胞分离，野生型TOM1L1主要存在于细胞质中，小部分与细胞膜相关；这种关联在缺乏几个蛋白质相互作用结构域的缺失突变体中显着减少。野生型TOM1L1的过表达，而缺失突变体不表达，增强了ige诱导的细胞因子的产生和释放。这些结果表明TOM1L1是一种参与FceRI信号转导产生细胞因子的新蛋白。

The protein tyrosine kinases Lyn and Syk play important roles in high affinity IgE receptor (FceRI)-induced signal transduction. Experiments with Syk negative cells indicate that most of the receptor-induced tyrosine phosphorylations are downstream of Syk and some of which may be actual substrates of this kinase. To identify novel substrates of Lyn and Syk, an RBL-2H3 bacterial expression library was screened for proteins that were tyrosine phosphorylated with baculoviral expressed Lyn and Syk. Five clones as potential Lyn substrates and eight clones as Syk substrates were identified including known substrates such as SLP-76, LAT, and alpha-tubulin. A potential substrate of Lyn identified was the molecule TOM1L1 which has several domains thought to be important for membrane trafficking and protein-protein interactions. Since the function of TOM1L1 is unclear, the rat TOM1L1 full-length cDNA was isolated and used to express the protein in COS-1 and RBL-2H3 cells. In COS-1 cells, the co-transfection of TOM1L1 and Lyn, but not Syk, resulted in the tyrosine phosphorylation of TOM1L1. In RBL-2H3 mast cells, both the endogenous and the over-expressed TOM1L1 were tyrosine phosphorylated in non-stimulated cells and this phosphorylation was increased by IgE receptor aggregation. By subcellular fractionation, wild-type TOM1L1 was mainly in the cytoplasm with a small fraction constitutively associated with the membrane; this association was markedly reduced in deletion mutants lacking several of the protein interaction domains. The over-expression of wild-type TOM1L1, but not the deletion mutants, enhanced the IgE-induced generation and release of cytokines. These results suggest that TOM1L1 is a novel protein involved in the FceRI signal transduction for the generation of cytokines. Immune receptor stimulation results in an increase in intracellular calcium that activates the serine phosphatase calcineurin, which then dephosphorylates the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). The dephosphorylated NFAT rapidly translocates into the nucleus and induces the transcription of various cytokine genes. NFAT plays an important role in the activation of immune cells such as T, B and mast cells. Therefore, NFAT can be used as readout for immune cell activation. A plasmid containing three tandem NFATbinding sites fused to the cDNA of enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) was transfected into the RBL-2H3 cells. The cells were then cloned and recloned to obtain a cell line that became almost totally GFP+ upon high affinity IgE receptor stimulation. Surprisingly with this sensitive detection system, there is activation of IgE sensitized cells at concentrations of antigen as low as 10 pg/ml, which is at least a log lower than can be detected by conventional methods. At this low antigen concentration there is no detectable release of inflammatory mediators which are the hallmarks of mast cell activation. However, NFAT activation at low antigen concentrations appears to utilize the same signaling pathways; for example the requirement for calcineurin. These results suggest differences between the pathways that result in nuclear gene expression from those that induce degranulation and the release of inflammatory mediators. These NFAT-GFP expressing cells are also being used to screen for regulators of the signaling pathway by transiently transfecting them with an RBL-2H3 cDNA plasmid library and testing for either inhibition or enhancement of the receptor-induced GFP response. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is one of the earliest detectable events after antigen receptor activation. Recently, we observed that in cultured fetal liver pre-B cells, pre-B cell receptor stimulation induced the strong tyrosine phosphorylation of an 82 kDa protein, whose identity is unclear. The strong phosphorylation of this protein was also observed in antigen-receptor stimulated spleen B cells and mast cells. In mast cells, the phosphorylation of this 82 kDa protein required Syk kinase activity; however, this phosphorylation was independent of the rise of intracellular calcium. Therefore, the tyrosine phosphorylation of this 82 kDa protein directly correlated with early antigen signaling events in mast cells. To identify the 82 kDa phosphorylated protein, lysates from antigen stimulated RBL-2H3 cells were immunoprecipitated with anti-phospho-tyrosine antibody and the 82 kDa phosphorylated band was micro-sequenced. As a control, the phosphorylated 72 kDa band, that is known to contain Syk, was also micro-sequenced. The major component of the 82 kDa band was the hematopoietic cell specific Lyn substrate (HS1), while minor components included cortactin isoform B, inositol polyphosphate 5 phosphatase (SHIP), FYN binding protein, Gab 1, and protein kinase C-delta. The 72 kDa band, contained src homology 2 containing protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76), HS1, Syk, heat shock 70 protein, Btk and SHIP. There were a number of other proteins detected at lower levels in both the 82 and 70 kDa bands. Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation experiments with control and activated RBL-2H3 cells confirmed that HS1 was the 82 kDa phospho-protein. Therefore, tyrosine phosphorylation of HS1 can serve as a marker for the functional status of early antigen signaling pathways.