Neurodevelopmental plasticity of language: From bottom-up to top-down

语言的神经发育可塑性：从自下而上到自上而下

• 批准号: 7613749
• 负责人: ERIN NICOLE PARKS
• 金额: $ 2.66万
• 依托单位: SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-01-12 至 2011-01-11
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7613749
• 关键词: 7 year old; Accounting; Adult; Age; Basal Ganglia; Bilateral; Brain; Brain region; Child; Childhood; Cognitive; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data; Data Correlations; Data Set; Detection; Development; Diagnosis; Event; Functional Imaging; Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Image; Individual Differences; Inferior; Judgment; Knowledge; Language; Language Development; Left; Linguistics; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Maps; Measures; Methods; Parietal Lobe; Participant; Pattern; Performance; Prevention; Process; Publishing; Sampling; Scanning; Semantics; Series; Site; Staging; Structure of middle temporal gyrus; System; Techniques; Testing; Time; Work; age related; base; blood oxygen level dependent; cognitive change; comparison group; design; developmental disease; expectation; extrastriate; lexical; neuromechanism; novel; relating to nervous system; response; theories

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Functional MRI has been applied to the study of developmental change for over a decade. A growing number of fMRI studies have examined age-related changes in language organization. However, existing studies have predominantly targeted the detection of differences between children and adults in crosssectional designs and are limited as they only capture development at a single point in time, and thus the mechanisms by which these cognitive changes occur over time is still quite uncertain. Also absent from many existing studies are the theories explaining why language organization should be expected to change in childhood and how that change occurs. A better understanding of the mechanisms of cognitive change might broaden our understanding of cognitive development, elucidate the causes of atypical development, and could potentially inform our diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of developmental disorders. The current proposal is founded on a comprehensive theory of language development, which predicts organization from predominantly sensorimotor-based (bottom-up) processing in early stages to more strongly top-down controlled processing in later childhood and adulthood. Applied to two language tasks that tap into the two primary components of language development (lexicosemantic and morphosyntactic), this theoretical perspective generates specific hypotheses about developmental change that will be examined both in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Theories of both constructive and regressive neural mechanisms of change inform the hypotheses that brain regions will have age-related differential involvement in language networks. These aims will be achieved using the noninvasive techniques of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI, and functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) to map structural and functional brain networks. During functional imaging, subjects will complete a panel of language tasks: lexical semantic decision (assessing accuracy of sentences describing objects) and morphosyntactic judgment (assessing grammaticality of sentences). Participants will be age seven or nine for the initial imaging study, and will be scanned once more at twelve month intervals, providing a longitudinal component to the study. In addition, standardized cognitive measures will be administered outside the scanner to provide additional data for correlation with imaging data, allowing individual differences in development and ability to be taken into account.

描述（由申请人提供）：功能性MRI已应用于发育变化的研究超过十年。越来越多的功能磁共振成像研究已经检查了语言组织中与年龄相关的变化。然而，现有的研究主要针对儿童和成人之间的差异，在横断面设计的检测和有限的，因为他们只捕捉在一个单一的时间点的发展，因此，这些认知变化随时间发生的机制仍然是相当不确定的。许多现有的研究也缺乏解释为什么语言组织应该在儿童时期发生变化以及这种变化如何发生的理论。更好地了解认知变化的机制可能会拓宽我们对认知发展的理解，阐明非典型发展的原因，并可能为我们诊断，治疗和预防发育障碍提供信息。目前的建议是建立在一个全面的语言发展理论，它预测组织从主要的感觉运动为基础的（自下而上）处理在早期阶段更强烈的自上而下的控制处理在童年后期和成年。应用到两个语言任务，挖掘到语言发展的两个主要组成部分（词汇语义和形态句法），这种理论的角度产生具体的假设发展变化，将在横向和纵向分析。关于变化的建设性和回归性神经机制的理论为以下假设提供了信息：大脑区域在语言网络中具有与年龄相关的差异参与。这些目标将使用结构磁共振成像（MRI），功能MRI和功能连接MRI（fcMRI）的非侵入性技术来实现，以绘制结构和功能大脑网络。在功能成像期间，受试者将完成一组语言任务：词汇语义判断（评估描述对象的句子的准确性）和形态句法判断（评估句子的语法性）。参与者将在7岁或9岁时进行初始成像研究，并将每隔12个月再次扫描一次，为研究提供纵向组成部分。此外，将在扫描仪外进行标准化认知测量，以提供与成像数据相关的额外数据，从而考虑发育和能力的个体差异。