Functional Cure of HIV Neurocognitive Disease by Induction of Innate Immunity

尽管艾滋病毒感染者的抑制性抗逆转录病毒治疗保持了他们的 免疫能力、大脑功能障碍会发展并损害他们的生活质量。去调查 HIV在中枢神经系统(CNS)的驻留、疾病和康复我们研究了 EcoHIV感染常规小鼠，一种由人转向的嵌合HIV 啮齿动物。受感染的小鼠可靠地发展为神经认知障碍(NCI)。我们发现与生俱来的 Toll样受体配体多肌苷多胞苷减少免疫应答 病毒负荷和恢复慢性感染EcoHIV小鼠的认知功能。值得注意的是， Poly I：C还可诱导长寿反应，在很大程度上预防EcoHIV感染和NCI。这里, 我们将利用这些成功的治疗方法在小鼠中枢神经系统实现功能性EcoHIV治疗 作为现有抗逆转录病毒疗法的补充。具体目标是1)利用反转 通过间歇性聚I：C治疗慢性感染的小鼠来鉴定HIV NCI 基础抗病毒应答和关键抗病毒应答的基因表达变化 神经基因恢复正常功能。特别感兴趣的是确定特定的 介导保护性免疫的细胞类型及其特定产物，因为所有类型的脑细胞都可以 对Poly I：C的反应2)通过长寿的Poly I：C反应研究HIV NCI的逆转 被慢性感染的小鼠感染。Poly I：C诱导即时和长期的抗病毒程序 预防EcoHIV感染和HIV NCI的发展。我们在此应用程序中的总体目标 是带来基因组学和成像技术来揭示艾滋病毒NCI的途径以及 恢复功能的抗病毒途径。在这里，我们将测试慢性感染的小鼠是否可以 建立一个长寿的聚I：C反应，恢复正常的认知功能。至关重要的是， 比较间歇性PolyI：C治疗启动的基因表达程序，可能是I型 干扰素，对那些组成长寿的Poly I：C反应的人，可能包括典型的 先天免疫训练计划。为了监测大脑中的EcoHIV感染和疾病，我们将 用定量聚合酶链式反应检测病毒载量，用放射状臂水迷宫检测认知功能 缺陷，脑RNA-SEQ揭示细胞基因失调，RNAScope确定脑感染 到细胞类型，和共聚焦显微镜来确定细胞类型安装保护性先天 回应。由于先天免疫不是病原体特异性的，这个探索性的程序可能会揭示 诱导先天反应的方法，以防止其他病毒入侵大脑。

Despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy in HIV infected human beings that maintains their immunocompetence, brain dysfunction develops and impairs their quality of life. To investigate HIV residence, disease, and recovery in the central nervous system (CNS) we have studied the infection of conventional mice by EcoHIV, a chimeric HIV with tropism switched from human to rodent. Infected mice reliably develop neurocognitive impairment (NCI). We found that innate immune responses to Toll-like receptor ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) reduce virus burden and restore cognitive function in mice chronically infected by EcoHIV. Remarkably, poly I:C also induces a long-lived response that largely prevents EcoHIV infection and NCI. Here, we shall exploit these successful treatments to achieve functional EcoHIV cure in the murine CNS as a complement to existing antiretroviral therapies. The Specific Aims are 1) to exploit reversal of HIV NCI through intermittent poly I:C treatment of chronically infected mice to identify the changes in gene expression underlying both the essential antiviral responses and the critical neuronal genes restored to normal function. Of particular interest is the identification of specific cell types mediating protective immunity and their specific products, since all brain cell types can respond to poly I:C. 2) to investigate reversal of HIV NCI through long-lived poly I:C responses by chronically infected mice. Poly I:C induces both immediate and long-lived antiviral programs that prevent EcoHIV infection and the development of HIV NCI. Our overall goal in this application is to bring genomics and imaging techniques to expose the routes of HIV NCI as well as the antiviral routes that restore function. Here, we will test whether chronically infected mice can mount a long-lived poly I:C response that restores normal cognitive function. It will be critical to compare the gene expression programs initiated by intermittent poly I:C treatment, likely Type I interferon, to those comprising the long-lived poly I:C response that may include the canonical innate immune training program. To monitor EcoHIV infection and disease in the brain we shall employ QPCR to measure virus burden and radial arm water maze (RAWM) to detect cognitive defects, brain RNA-seq to reveal cellular gene dysregulation, RNAscope to assign brain infection to cell types, and confocal microscopy to determine cell types mounting protective innate responses. Since innate immunity is not pathogen specific, this exploratory program may reveal approaches to induce innate responses that protect against other viruses invading the brain.