Molecular Control of Progenitor Cell Polarity and Cortical Neurogenesis

描述（由申请人提供）：大脑皮层的正确形成依赖于胚胎发育期间大量神经元的有序产生。最近的研究令人信服地表明，放射状胶质细胞是发育中的皮层中神经元祖细胞的主要群体。放射状胶质细胞除了在引导新生神经元径向迁移方面具有众所周知的作用外，还在心室区分裂生成神经元。发育中的大脑皮层中放射状胶质细胞分裂的精确控制可能是控制成熟大脑皮层中神经元数量的主要因素。尽管在皮质发育中起着重要作用，但调控径向胶质细胞分裂的机制尚不清楚。该项目的长期目标是阐明放射状胶质细胞分裂和子细胞命运规范的分子和细胞过程。在神经发生高峰期，放射状胶质细胞主要不对称分裂以自我更新和生成神经元。不对称细胞分裂通常需要分裂细胞极化，以保证两个子细胞对细胞命运决定因素的差异遗传。本研究的目的是揭示放射状胶质细胞极性的分子控制，并确定放射状胶质细胞的极化如何调节其在发育皮层中的分裂模式（即对称或不对称）。放射状胶质细胞起源于高度极化的上皮细胞，具有明显的顶端和基部亚细胞区室。这种顶基极性是由一组进化上保守的蛋白复合物控制的，其中Par（分割缺陷）蛋白复合物起着核心作用。此外，Par蛋白复合物对于果蝇神经系统中神经祖细胞（即神经母细胞和感觉器官前体，SOPs）的极化和确保其不对称细胞分裂至关重要。基于这些观察结果，本应用的中心假设是哺乳动物Par （mPar）蛋白复合物控制发育中的皮层中放射状胶质细胞的极性和分裂模式。在强有力的初步数据的指导下，这一假设将通过追求以下三个具体目标来验证：1)确定mPar蛋白复合物在放射状胶质细胞分裂中的亚细胞定位；2)明确mPar蛋白复合物在调节径向胶质细胞分裂和子细胞命运规范中的功能；3)阐明mPar蛋白复合物在发育中的皮层的分子和细胞通路。这种方法是创新的，因为它结合了先进的激光扫描显微镜和分子遗传学技术。提出的研究将提供新的见解关于如何神经元祖细胞在发育皮层分裂产生神经元。许多人类神经和精神疾病都与皮层神经发生缺陷有关，从智力迟钝和癫痫的严重畸形，到更轻微的自闭症和与药物滥用有关的适应不良行为。这项研究的结果可能揭示了与许多这些疾病的病因相关的机制。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Proper formation of the cerebral cortex depends on an orderly production of a large number of neurons during embryonic development. Recent studies have convincingly shown that radial glial cells are a major population of neuronal progenitor cells in the developing cortex. In addition to their well-characterized role in guiding radial migration of newly born neurons, radial glial cells divide in the ventricular zone to generate neurons. Precise control of radial glial cell division in the developing cortex is likely a major factor in controlling the number of neurons in the mature cerebral cortex. Despite this fundamental role in cortical development, the mechanisms that regulate radial glial cell division are poorly understood. The long-term goal of this project is to elucidate the molecular and cellular processes underlying radial glial cell division and daughter cell fate specification. During peak neurogenesis, radial glial cells predominantly divide asymmetrically to self-renew and to generate neurons. Asymmetric cell division usually requires the dividing cells to be polarized so as to ensure differential inheritance of cell fate determinants by the two daughter cells. The objectives of this proposal are to uncover the molecular control of radial glial cell polarity and to define how the polarization of radial glial cells may regulate the mode of their division (i.e. being symmetric or asymmetric) in the developing cortex. Radial glial cells originate from epithelial cells that are highly polarized with distinct apical and basal subcellular compartments. This apical-basal polarity is controlled by a set of evolutionarily conserved protein complexes, among which the Par (partition defective) protein complex plays a central role. Moreover, the Par protein complex is essential for polarizing neural progenitor cells (i.e. neuroblasts and sensory organ precursors, SOPs) in the Drosophila nervous system and ensuring their asymmetric cell division. Based on these observations, the central hypothesis of this application is that the mammalian Par (mPar) protein complex controls the polarity and the division mode of radial glial cells in the developing cortex. Guided by strong preliminary data, this hypothesis will be tested by pursuing these three specific aims: 1) To determine the subcellular localization of the mPar protein complex in dividing radial glial cells; 2) To define the function of the mPar protein complex in regulating radial glial cell division and daughter cell fate specification; and 3) To delineate the molecular and cellular pathways of the mPar protein complex in the developing cortex. The approach is innovative, because it combines advanced laser scanning microscopy with molecular genetics techniques. The proposed research will provide new insights concerning how neuronal progenitor cells in the developing cortex divide to give rise to neurons. Many human neurological and psychiatric disorders are associated with defects in cortical neurogenesis, ranging from severe malformations with mental retardation and epilepsy, to more subtle ones such as autism and maladaptive behavior associated with drug abuse. The results of this study may shed light on mechanisms relevant to the etiology of many of these disorders. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This study investigates the processes underlying how neuronal progenitor cells divide to give rise to neurons in the developing brain, an important and under-investigated area in neuroscience. It will advance and expand the understanding and treatment of a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders caused through defects in cerebral cortex development, such as mental retardation, epilepsy, autism, and maladaptive decision- making behavior associated with drug abuse.