Food and Beverage Patterns that Predict Weight Gain Among Adolescents

描述(由申请者提供)：我们建议在10,920名青少年和年轻人中，研究含糖饮料、快餐和商业食品的消费与体重增加、腰围、高血压和肥胖发展的预期关联。几项研究报告了人造饮料和含糖饮料的消费与随后体重增加的关联。尽管人们对含糖饮料和体重增加之间的关系的大部分关注都集中在苏打水(如碳酸可乐)上，但在过去的几年里，苏打水的销量一直在下降。在此期间，青少年和年轻人对运动饮料(如佳得乐)、能量饮料(如红牛)和甜味咖啡饮料(如Dunkin Donuts Coffee Coolattas(R))的消费量大幅增加。此外，在过去几十年里，在家里消费或在餐馆吃的熟食数量有所增加。几项研究已经发现，快餐摄入量可以预测体重增加，但缺乏与其他类型的熟食的相关性的数据。快餐和商业食品被发现与纤维摄入量呈负相关，与钠和含糖饮料的摄入量呈正相关，但这些食物的摄入量与青少年和年轻人高血压之间的关系尚未进行前瞻性研究。此外，尽管含糖饮料经常与快餐一起食用，但我们还没有发现任何研究同时关注这两种饮食预测体重增加的因素。我们将使用线性混合模型和广义估计方程来分析2004年、2006年、2008年和2010年从全国10,920名青少年和年轻人收集的问卷数据，以评估含糖苏打水、运动饮料、能量饮料和咖啡饮料与随后的体重增加和肥胖发展的独立关联。此外，我们将确定食用熟食(快餐和商业准备的外卖食物)的频率是否独立预测体重增加、腰围、高血压和肥胖症的发展。这项研究将有85%的力量来检测与超重和肥胖发展的适度关联(例如，相对风险e 1.4)。这项拟议的研究是新颖的，因为它将研究流行的含糖饮料与体重增加的关系，这些饮料还没有被研究过。此外，这将是第一项同时调查含糖饮料和快餐与随后体重增加的关联的大型前瞻性研究，也是第一项研究快餐和商业准备食品作为青少年腰围和高血压预测因素的研究。在美国，超重、肥胖和高血压是严重的公共健康问题，因此了解体重增加和高血压的可改变的决定因素是极其重要的。 与公共健康相关：肥胖是美国的一个主要公共健康问题。在青少年和年轻人中，运动饮料、能量饮料、煮好的咖啡饮料、快餐和外卖食品的消费量一直在增加，所有这些都可能含有大量的卡路里，但除了快餐之外，从来没有人研究过与体重增加有关的问题。我们建议研究这些饮料和食物的摄入模式如何与青少年和年轻人的体重增加有关。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): We propose to examine the prospective ssociation of consumption of sweetened beverages, fast food, and commercially prepared foods with weight gain, waist circumference, hypertension, and the development of obesity among 10,920 adolescents and young adults in the Growing Up Today Study II. Several studies have reported an association between consumption of both artificial and sugar-sweetened beverages and subsequent weight gain. Although much of the focus on the association between sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain has been on sodas (e.g., carbonated colas), soda sales have been declining during the past several years. During that time there have been large increases in the consumption of sports drinks (e.g., Gatorade), energy drinks (e.g., Red Bull), and prepared sweetened coffee beverages (e.g., Dunkin Donuts Coffee Coolattas(R)) among adolescents and young adults. In addition, during the past several decades there has been an increase in the amount of prepared food that is consumed either at home or eaten in restaurants. Several studies have found fast food intake to predict weight gain, but data on the association with other types of prepared foods is lacking. Fast food and commercially prepared foods have been found to be inversely associated with fiber intake and positively associated with intake of sodium and sugar sweetened beverages, but the association between intake of these foods and hypertension has not been studied prospectively in adolescents and young adults. Moreover, although sugar-sweetened beverages are often consumed with fast food, we are not aware of any studies that have looked simultaneously at these two dietary predictors of weight gain. We will use linear mixed models and generalized estimating equations to analyze data from from questionnaires collected in 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010 from 10,920 adolescents and young adults nationwide, to assess the independent association of sweetened soda, sports drinks, energy drinks, and coffee drinks with subsequent weight gain and the development of obesity. In addition, we will determine whether frequency of eating prepared foods (fast food and commercially prepared take out food) is independently predictive of weight gain, waist circumference, hypertension, and the development of obesity. This study will have > 85% power to detect moderate associations (e.g., relative risk e 1.4) with the development of overweight and obesity. The proposed study is novel in that it will study the associations of popular sweetened beverages that have not been studied in relationship to weight gain. Moreover, it will be the first large prospective study to investigate the associations of both sweetened beverages and fast food with subsequent weight gain simultaneously, as well as the first to study fast food and commercially prepared foods as predictors of waist circumference and hypertension among adolescents and young adults. Overweight, obesity, and hypertension are serious public health problems in the United States, thus understanding modifiable determinants of weight gain and high blood pressure is of extreme importance. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Obesity is a major public health problem in the United tates. Consumption of sports drinks, energy drinks, prepared coffee beverages, fast food, and take out food, all of which can contain a substantial number of calories, have been increasing among adolescents and young adults, but, with the exception of fast food, have never been studied in relation to weight gain. We propose to study how these beverage and food intake patterns are related to weight gain among adolescents and young adults.