Particulate matter and black carbon:Respiratory Health in Sri Lankan Children

描述(申请人提供)：约50%的世界人口，90%的发展中国家农村家庭和78%的斯里兰卡家庭依靠固体燃料做饭。固体燃料燃烧不完全是造成室内空气污染的主要原因。 在发展中国家。在全球范围内，约有910,000例5岁儿童死于急性下呼吸道感染(ALRI)。斯里兰卡的主要固体燃料类型是生物质。众所周知，燃烧生物质燃料所释放的颗粒物对人类健康有害，特别是对呼吸系统有害。研究表明，PM的一种成分黑碳(BC)可能是影响健康的主要原因。卑诗省也是全球变暖的第二大贡献者。全球约20%的碳排放来自家庭生物质燃料的使用。生物质燃料对PM2.5的纵向研究和对幼儿呼吸健康的不利影响的研究有限；而对生物质燃料使用的BC和对呼吸健康的不利影响的研究就更少了。这项拟议的前瞻性队列研究旨在评估两岁以下儿童暴露于PM2.5和BC与呼吸健康结果之间的关系。这项研究将在斯里兰卡Kalutara医疗卫生官员(MOH)地区的交通低暴露地区进行。我们的研究战略是跟踪475名儿童从出生到两岁生日，以评估暴露于IAP和呼吸健康。将在25%的儿童家庭中测量PM2.5和BC暴露，为期两年，每年两次。这些暴露测量将被用来估计没有监测数据的其余家庭中儿童的暴露。将利用一系列来源确定儿童从出生之日到两岁生日的呼吸健康状况，其中一些来源包括社区卫生工作者的评估和医生的诊断。关于协变量的信息将来自调查问卷和斯里兰卡初级保健系统维护的数据。该项目提供了一个机会，以解决与PM2.5和BC以及呼吸健康有关的关键知识差距，同时加强斯里兰卡IAP的研究能力。在这样做的过程中，该项目将提供证据，这些证据可转化为该国减少IAP暴露的实践和政策，并将惠益扩大到包括气候变化缓解。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): About 50% of the world's population, 90% of rural households in developing countries and 78% of Sri Lankan households rely on solid fuel for cooking. Incomplete combustion of solid fuel is the major contributor to indoor air pollution (IAP) in developing countries. Globally, about 910,000 acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) deaths among d 5 year children can be attributed to IAP. The main type of solid fuel in Sri Lanka is biomass. Particulate Matter (PM) released from burning of biomass fuel is known to be hazardous to human health particularly to the respiratory system. Studies have suggested that black carbon (BC), a component of PM, may be primarily responsible for health effects. BC is also the second-largest contributor to global warming. Approximately 20% of global BC is emitted from household biomass fuel use. Longitudinal studies of PM2.5 from biomass fuel and adverse respiratory health effects of younger children are limited; while studies on BC from biomass fuel use and adverse respiratory health effects are even more scarce. The proposed prospective cohort study aims to evaluate the relationship between exposure to PM2.5 and BC and respiratory health outcomes among children below two years of age. The study will be conducted in a low traffic exposure area of the Kalutara Medical Officer of Health (MOH) area in Sri Lanka. Our research strategy is to follow-up 475 children from birth to their second birthdays to assess exposure to IAP and respiratory health. PM2.5 and BC exposure will be measured in the households of 25% of children, twice yearly for two years. These exposure measurements will be used to estimate exposure for children in the remaining households without monitoring data. Respiratory health of children from day of birth until the second birthday will be ascertained using an array of sources some of which include community health workers' assessments and physicians' diagnosis. Information on covariates will come from questionnaires and from data maintained by the Sri Lankan primary health care system. This project provides an opportunity to address crucial knowledge gaps pertaining to PM2.5 and BC and respiratory health, while strengthening Sri Lanka's IAP research capacity. In doing so, the project will provide the evidence that may be translated into practice and policy for IAP exposure reduction in the country with extension of the benefits to include climate change mitigation.