Adaptive context dependent psychophysics and perference

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A class of situations that has received considerable theoretical and empirical study in the behavioral sciences involves the selection of the 'best' (and, sometimes, the 'worst') option from a set of available options. Two major examples of such situations are 'preference' and 'identification.' In a typical preference situation, a person has to select the option that he or she considers 'best' (or 'worst') - for instance, select the preferred mode of transportation among, say, car, bus, and subway; select the preferred treatment for a chronic health condition; or select the preferred house from those currently for sale. A typical (absolute) identification situation might involve an eye witness identifying a suspect from a photograph; or, in a controlled experimental situation, identifying which of several possible keys on a piano keyboard has been played.