Holography from the Planck scale to the hubble scale

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String theory is the leading candidate for a theory of quantum gravity. It promises to unify the fundamental forces of particle physics with the force of gravity, as described by the theory of general relativity. Recent advances, however, have taught us that it is necessary to radically change our understanding of the basic structure of space and time in quantum gravity. We must think of space-time as hologram, in the sense that the basic degrees of freedom of a region of space-time live on the boundary of that region, rather than in the interior. My research program investigates applications of this novel feature of quantum gravity - known as holography - to two of the most exciting and important open questions in theoretical physics.