Control of breathing in vertebrates

脊椎动物呼吸的控制

• 批准号: 7150-2011
• 负责人: Milsom, William
• 金额: $ 8.38万
• 依托单位: University of British Columbia
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2012-01-01 至 2013-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=513270
• 关键词: Control; breathing; vertebrates

Research in my lab examines the evolutionary origins of respiratory processes and the adaptive changes in these processes that allow animals to exploit diverse environments. As such it contributes to our understanding of the mechanistic basis of biodiversity and the physiological costs of habitat selection. Within this context we examine respiratory and cardiovascular adaptations in vertebrate animals under various conditions (at rest, sleep, exercise, altitude, dormancy, hibernation, diving, etc.). Breathing is essential for providing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from tissues in all large, multi-cellular organisms. Certain areas within the brain of all vertebrates (from fish to man) produce a respiratory rhythm but this rhythm is not always expressed. This natural rhythm is modified by information from different sensory systems and from other areas in the brain that determine if, when and how breathing occurs. This leads to the hypothesis that the wide variety of breathing patterns and ventilatory responses observed in vertebrate animals result from differences in the net balance of inputs to a common system, and from differences in the sensitivity of the various components of the system. There are many breathing patterns seen in vertebrates, including those that contain prolonged periods during which breathing ceases (apneas etc.). These breathing patterns not only challenge this hypothesis, they also suggest that a mechanism that can explain the episodes where breathing stops in turtles and hibernating squirrels may also explain episodic breathing in carp and sleep apnea in man. Using species differences (phylogeny), developmental changes (ontogeny) and genetic manipulations as tools, we hope to determine the sites and neural basis of respiratory rhythm and pattern formation (fundamental mechanisms). We also hope to determine the manner in which cardiovascular and respiratory responses can be modified in the short term (acclimation) and have been shaped by evolution in the long term (adaptation) to meet the demands of vertebrate animals living in diverse habitats.

我实验室的研究考察了呼吸过程的进化起源以及这些过程中的适应性变化，这些变化使动物能够利用不同的环境。因此，它有助于我们了解生物多样性的机制基础和栖息地选择的生理成本。在此背景下，我们研究呼吸和心血管适应脊椎动物在各种条件下（休息，睡眠，运动，海拔，休眠，冬眠，潜水等）。呼吸对于提供氧气和从所有大型多细胞生物体的组织中去除二氧化碳至关重要。所有脊椎动物（从鱼到人）大脑中的某些区域都会产生呼吸节律，但这种节律并不总是表达出来。这种自然节奏被来自不同感觉系统和大脑其他区域的信息所改变，这些信息决定了呼吸是否、何时以及如何发生。这导致了一种假设，即在脊椎动物中观察到的各种各样的呼吸模式和呼吸反应是由于对共同系统的输入的净平衡的差异以及系统的各种组件的敏感性的差异造成的。在脊椎动物中可以看到许多呼吸模式，包括那些包含长时间呼吸停止（呼吸暂停等）的呼吸模式。这些呼吸模式不仅挑战了这一假设，他们还表明，一种可以解释海龟和冬眠松鼠呼吸停止事件的机制也可以解释鲤鱼的间歇性呼吸和人类的睡眠呼吸暂停。（发育），发育变化（个体发育）和遗传操作作为工具，我们希望确定呼吸节律和模式形成（基本机制）的位点和神经基础。我们还希望确定心血管和呼吸反应在短期内（适应）可以被修改的方式，并通过长期（适应）的进化来满足生活在不同栖息地的脊椎动物的需求。