Bone: ultrastructure, chemistry and isotopes

骨：超微结构、化学和同位素

• 批准号: 1612-2011
• 负责人: Schwarcz, Henry
• 金额: $ 2.99万
• 依托单位: McMaster University
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2013-01-01 至 2014-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=520407
• 关键词: Bone; ultrastructure; chemistry; isotopes

Bones are built of two components, a hard calcium phosphate mineral called hydroxyapatite (HA), and a weaker protein, collagen. Knowledge of how these components are woven together in animal and human bone is important in understanding the growth and development of bone and in diseases of bone. We have discovered that most of the HA in bone is in the form of long, thin plates which surrounds and reinforce columns (fibrils) of collagen. In our research we will focus on working out the details of this pattern as it varies with age and skeletal location, and between different species. We will also delve inside these HA-rich plates to learn how they are put together, as we have also shown that they are not single crystals but rather packages of many even smaller crystals. We will also study two other aspects of bone. We have shown that citric acid is an important constituent of bone making up as much as 2% of all bones. Its function is still unknown although it is probably required to maintain the qualities of bone crystals. We will try to find how it gets into bone, where it is located, and how it functions. Citrate gradually disappears after death and burial of the bone. We have shown that we can date forensic bone samples from their citrate concentration to tell the time since death. We will try to determine how the citrate is lost and how the rate of loss varies with the conditions of burial, to broaden the applicability of this method in solving crime. Also, we will study how the ratio stable isotopes of oxygen (18O/16O) varies in bones and teeth depending on where people were living, as a way to trace migration of people, and apply this to solve problems in archaeology and forensic science. This is a concerted, multifaceted program which applies novel methods from geochemistry, mineralogy and material science to bear on the study of bone.

骨骼由两种成分构成，一种是称为羟基磷灰石 (HA) 的硬磷酸钙矿物质，另一种是较弱的蛋白质——胶原蛋白。了解这些成分如何在动物和人类骨骼中编织在一起对于了解骨骼的生长和发育以及骨骼疾病非常重要。我们发现骨骼中的大部分透明质酸呈长而薄的板状，包围并加固胶原蛋白柱（原纤维）。在我们的研究中，我们将重点研究这种模式的细节，因为它随着年龄和骨骼位置以及不同物种之间的变化而变化。我们还将深入研究这些富含透明质酸的板，了解它们是如何组合在一起的，因为我们还表明它们不是单晶体，而是许多更小的晶体的封装体。我们还将研究骨骼的其他两个方面。我们已经证明，柠檬酸是骨骼的重要组成部分，占所有骨骼的 2%。尽管它可能是维持骨晶体质量所必需的，但它的功能仍然未知。我们将尝试找出它如何进入骨骼、位于何处以及如何发挥作用。柠檬酸盐在死亡和骨头埋葬后逐渐消失。我们已经证明，我们可以根据法医骨骼样本的柠檬酸盐浓度来确定其年代，以判断死亡后的时间。我们将尝试确定柠檬酸盐如何丢失以及丢失率如何随埋葬条件变化，以扩大该方法在解决犯罪方面的适用性。此外，我们还将研究骨骼和牙齿中氧稳定同位素的比例（18O/16O）如何根据人们居住的地方而变化，作为追踪人类迁徙的一种方式，并将其应用于解决考古学和法医学中的问题。这是一个协调一致、多方面的项目，应用地球化学、矿物学和材料科学的新方法来研究骨骼。