Numerical modelling of thermal energy stored in heat resistant protective clothing and its contribution to skin burn injury

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Despite improvements in textile fiber, fabric, and thermal protective clothing, burn injuries still occur in complex thermal environments. Thermal protective clothing is typically constructed of multilayers that consist of shell fabric, a moisture barrier, and a thermal liner. These multilayers and the air spaces between them decrease the heat transfer from thermal hazards to the skin and prevent burn injuries. However, during thermal exposure, these protective clothing layers can store a large amount of thermal energy and can discharge that energy naturally or by force (sudden compression) during cooling periods, contributing to burn injuries.