Ocean Remote Sensing Using High-frequency and Microwave Radars

高频地波雷达和微波航海雷达在海洋遥感中有着广泛的应用。高频地波雷达利用高频无线电波和海洋重力波的相互作用，提供了“超视距”的海面流、风、浪和目标信息。传统上，高频地波雷达系统一直是陆基的;紧凑型船载高频地波雷达也被使用，但由于平台运动而受到多普勒频谱失真的影响。使用中的大多数高频地波雷达系统依赖于单基地配置，其中发射和接收部件位于同一位置。为了降低成本并潜在地提高覆盖范围，有必要研究双稳态操作高频雷达-即在不同地点进行发射和接收。海洋表面信息也可以从包含海洋表面的空间和时间结构的MNR图像中检索。MNR提供具有更好的距离分辨率的海面信息，但覆盖范围有限。为了给搜救、溢油控制和海上导航等领域的应用提供实时信息，需要对MNR进行进一步研究。 该研究计划的长期目标是将HFSWR和MNR整合到加拿大东部的综合沿海海洋观测网络中。为了帮助实现这一目标，我们将解决与高频地波雷达天线运动和海面信息从MNR数据的提取相关的问题。本研究的主要目的是：（1）提高对海洋表面高频电波散射的认识，进一步发展高频地波雷达海洋遥感的理论模型和应用算法;（2）探索海洋表面流场、海浪信息提取和目标监视的方法，并将其与高频地波雷达结果进行融合。我们的研究将为海洋遥感的关键理论和应用领域增加知识。它将导致海洋安全的改善，并提供加拿大目前没有的海洋表面数据产品。这样做，我们将满足加拿大国防、渔业和海洋部、加拿大海岸警卫队和其他海洋利益攸关方的持续需求。

High frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) and microwave nautical radar (MNR) are widely employed in ocean remote sensing. HFSWR provides sea surface current, wind, wave and target information "over the horizon" due to the interaction of HF radio and ocean gravity waves. Traditionally, HFSWR systems have been land-based; compact ship-borne HFSWR has also been used but is subject to distortion of the Doppler spectra due to platform motion. Most HFSWR systems in use rely on a monostatic configuration in which the transmitting and receiving components are at the same location. In order to reduce the cost and potentially improve coverage, research on operating HF radar bistatically - i.e. transmission and reception occur at different sites - is necessary. Sea surface information can also be retrieved from the MNR images that contain the spatial and temporal structure of the ocean surface. MNR provides sea surface information with better range resolution but has limited coverage. In order to provide real-time information for applications in areas such as search and rescue, oil spill control and marine navigation, MNR needs to be further investigated. A long-term goal of this research program is to integrate HFSWR and MNR into a comprehensive coastal ocean observation network in Eastern Canada. To help achieve this, we will address issues associated with HFSWR antenna motion and the extraction of sea surface information from MNR data. The research will seek to (1) gain an improved understanding of HF radio wave scattering from the ocean surface and to further develop theoretical models and application algorithms for HFSWR ocean remote sensing; and (2) explore the methods of sea surface current fields, wave information extraction and target surveillance from MNR images for possible data fusion with HFSWR results. Our research will add knowledge to key theoretical and applied areas in ocean remote sensing. It will lead to an improvement in marine safety and provide ocean surface data products that do not presently exist in Canada. In doing so, we will meet the ongoing needs of the Department of National Defence, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the Canadian Coast Guard and other marine stakeholders.