Dissecting the journey and functions of barley smut fungus Ustilago hordei immunity-triggering effector UhAvr1 to reveal durable defense strategies in cereals

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Effector biology, the study of small secreted proteins from microbial pathogens, is a burgeoning research field in both human/animal and plant sciences. Studying effectors has already revealed insight into ways these proteins interact with and manipulate many basic host processes and signaling pathways. Effectors target development, protein degradation and gene regulation which include defense and resistance responses. Therefore, effectors teach us how pathogens cause disease but can also be used as probes to elucidate basic biological processes.