Regulation of mRNA Translation During Cellular Stress and Apoptosis

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The process of gene expression is tightly regulated at various levels including transcriptional, translational and post-translational steps. The regulation of gene expression at the translational level allows cells to rapidly reprogram protein output in response to stress stimuli. During stress conditions, global mRNA translation (canonical translation) is reduced due to modification of key eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs). However, the alternative means of translation initiation (non-canonical translation) allow production of proteins that are required to manage stress conditions. For example, the production of both pro-survival and pro-death proteins is regulated via non-canonical translation mechanisms. Thus, the non-canonical translation is considered to play a central role during cellular stress.