Associations between Gut, Mammary and Vaginal Microbiomes in Dairy Cattle: Role in Health and Disease

高产奶牛在泌乳早期至中期处于显著的营养和生理压力下，易患传染病（如乳腺炎）和代谢紊乱（如亚急性瘤胃酸中毒）。这些奶牛被喂食以谷物为主的高能日粮，以满足其产奶潜力。然而，这些饮食会对消化道的微生物群落产生不利影响，扰乱微生物组的组成和功能，以及微生物产生的代谢物的分布。这些代谢物中的许多是信号分子，可以影响大脑的激素反应和奶牛的免疫能力。这种改变不仅会追溯影响消化道的微生物组，还会影响其他身体部位的微生物组，如乳腺系统和阴道，导致这些系统中感染性和炎症性疾病的发生和/或进展。

High producing dairy cows are under significant nutritional and physiological stressors during early to mid-lactation, which predispose them to infectious diseases (e.g., mastitis) and metabolic disorders (e.g., subacute ruminal acidosis). These cows are fed high-energy diets, mainly based on grain, to meet their milk production potential. However, these diets can adversely affect the microbial communities of the digestive tract, disturbing the composition and functionality of microbiome, and the profile of microbially-produced metabolites. Many of these metabolites are signaling molecules that can impact hormonal responses of brain and immunological capacities of the cow. Such alterations not only retroactively affect the microbiomes of the digestive tract, but also influence the microbiomes of other body sites, such as the mammary system and the vaginal tract, resulting in initiation and/or progression of infectious and inflammatory diseases in those systems.