Cerebrovascular and ventilatory responses to autonomic reflex stimulation in supine and upright postures in women throughout the menstrual cycle and men

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Women are known to have a greater drop in blood pressure upon standing (i.e. orthostatic stress) compared to men leading to fainting or symptoms of lightheadedness and dizziness. Although the exact reasons for this are unclear, different cardiovascular responses to stressors between men and women, and throughout the menstrual cycle, likely play a role. Importantly, breathing, CO2, and O2 each can impact cardiovascular function yet the influence of the menstrual cycle or pharmaceutical estrogen and progesterone (such as oral contraceptives (OC)) on these measurements during upright posture has never been investigated.