Novel Astrophysical Windows into Fundamental Physics

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The past decade has been an incredibly exciting one for Cosmology: Two Nobel prizes were awarded for the discoveries of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies, and dark energy. Ground and space-based observatories provided us with the most detailed maps of the early and late universe yet. Moreover, a six-parameter model can describe the statistics of all these cosmological datasets, nearly perfectly. Equally exciting advances in astrophysical observations, from neutron stars and black holes to high-energy neutrinos, have opened windows into extreme conditions that test the limits of our physical theories.