Transport of Cosmic Rays in the Universe

探索高能粒子与磁化等离子体之间的相互作用在天体物理和空间科学中具有重要意义。等离子体在宇宙中随处可见，从太阳风等离子体到星际和河外介质。带电粒子，如宇宙射线，由于与湍流磁场的相互作用，在穿过等离子体时会发生散射。因此，粒子以扩散方式运动，不再可能简单地计算粒子轨迹。了解扩散过程对于了解宇宙射线的传播和扩散冲击加速都是相关的。后一种机制负责宇宙粒子的产生，文献中提到，了解宇宙射线的起源是21世纪物理学中最重要的问题之一。

To explore the interaction between energetic particles and magnetized plasmas is important in astrophysics and space science. Plasmas can be found everywhere in the universe ranging from the solar wind plasma to the interstellar and extragalactic medium. Electrically charged particles, such as cosmic rays, experience scattering if moving through the plasma due to the interaction with turbulent magnetic fields. Therefore, the particles move diffusively and a simple calculation of particle trajectories is no longer possible. Understanding the diffusion process is relevant in order to understand the propagation but also diffusive shock acceleration of cosmic rays. The latter mechanism is responsible for the creation of cosmic particles and it was mentioned in the literature that to understand the origin of cosmic rays is one of the most important problems in the physics of the 21st century.