Active Distribution Systems with Renewable Resources and Energy Storage Units: Modeling, Analysis and Control Design

在环境、经济和技术问题的推动下，能源部门正在走向前所未有的重大变革。在不久的将来，可再生能源驱动的分布式发电机组将满足电力需求的大量增长。根据国际能源署2013年的报告，尽管经济形势艰难，但全球可再生能源占总发电量的比例预计将从2011年的20%上升到2018年的25%。随着间歇性可再生能源（如风能和光伏）的预期高渗透水平，电网的稳定性和可靠性成为一个主要问题。能源界已经认识到，将可再生能源与储能系统相结合，实现电力平滑（短期存储）和能量时移（长期批量存储），对于改善电网稳定性和提高可再生能源的渗透水平具有至关重要的作用。这些新兴设备的集成将主要发生在配电系统中，并以交流、直流或混合交流/直流连接的形式进行，以提高能量转换效率。随着这些变革，传统配电系统将转变为具有多个市场参与者、复杂动态、不确定性和多向潮流的高度分布式主动配电系统。

Driven by environmental, economic and technical concerns, the energy sector is moving toward unprecedented major transformations. Large amount of increases in the electrical energy demand will be met by distributed generation units empowered by renewable energy resources in the near future. According to the International Energy Agency report in 2013, despite the difficult economic context, the worldwide renewable energy share is estimated to rise to 25% of gross power generation in 2018 up from 20% in 2011. With the expected high penetration-level of intermittent renewable energy resources (e.g. wind and photovoltaic), power grid stability and reliability becomes a major concern. The energy community has realized that integrating renewable energy resources with energy storage systems-for power smoothing (short-term storage) and energy time shifting (long-term bulk storage)- plays a critical role in improving the grid stability and increasing the penetration-level of renewable energy resources. Integration of such emerging devices will dominantly take place in power distribution systems and in the form of ac, dc or hybrid ac/dc connections to enhance the energy conversion efficiency. With these transformations, conventional distribution systems will be transformed to highly-distributed active distribution systems with several market participants and complicated dynamics, uncertainties and multi-directional power-flow.