Manufacturing: 1) Sustainable Manufacturing (Life Cycle Engineering), and 2) Metal Forming.

研究是在制造业的标题下提出的，作为两个相关但不同的领域：1)可持续制造，2)金属成形。***拟议工作的目标是进行制造方面的研究：1)可持续制造，或生命周期工程（LCE），特别是锂离子电池的回收利用；2)金属成形，特别是单点增量成形（SPIF）钣金的快速成型和生产技术。***回收锂离子电池。回收是可持续制造的一部分。锂离子电池的回收目前只用于回收高价值材料，如钴。尽管2012年的一份重要报告没有将锂列为关键供应模式，但未来的设计和制造需求已经发生了迅速变化，在可预见的未来，如果要满足对廉价锂供应的需求，将需要从锂离子电池中回收锂。一个例子是最近出现的锂离子动力墙和对电动汽车的需求呈指数增长。短期目标是找到回收大型锂离子电池的最简单方法。长期目标是确定最经济可行的方法来回收大型汽车锂离子电池。这有可能改变锂供应链的游戏规则，并将使加拿大成为锂回收领域的领导者，正如2015年11月的《国家地理》杂志所示，锂的使用正在呈指数级增长。***单点增量成形（SPIF）是一种钣金成形制造工艺，用于制造非均匀钣金快速原型-“无模”成形。成品零件可直接用于产品中。该工艺不需要成形模具来制造复杂的钣金件。虽然SPIF用于快速制造原型，但仍然存在许多问题，包括：使用该工艺制造大批量零件的可能性；使用外来材料；提高spif制造零件的精度；减少刀具磨损。我们的研究表明，在电辅助成形（EAF）中，高电流增加了外来材料的成形性；这一点将进一步加以研究。在这项工作中，我们将研究温度对SPIF的影响以及该过程导致的变形晶粒结构。将继续将SPIF引入制造业。将研究SPIF与增材制造（AM）相结合的可能性，从而将两种快速成型技术结合在一起，从而提供更大的快速成型和结构可能性。这项研究工作将使工业界受益：使工作快速原型立即使用；脑部手术后用的医疗零件，如钛保护板；低成本小批量生产钣金件

Research is proposed under the heading of Manufacturing, as two related but distinct areas: 1) Sustainable Manufacturing, and 2) Metal Forming.***The objective of the proposed work is to conduct research in Manufacturing: 1) Sustainable Manufacturing, or Life Cycle Engineering (LCE), specifically, recycling lithium-ion batteries and 2) Metal Forming, specifically Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) of sheet metal as a rapid prototyping and production technique. ***Recycling Lithium ion batteries. Recycling is part of Sustainable Manufacturing. Recycling lithium-ion batteries is currently done only to recover high value materials such as cobalt. Although a major report in 2012 did not identify lithium as being in critical supply mode, future design and manufacturing needs have already changed rapidly, and in the foreseeable future there will be a need to include recycled lithium from lithium-ion batteries, if demand for inexpensive supplies of lithium are to be met. An example is the recent appearance of lithium-ion powerwalls and the exponentially increasing demand for electric vehicles. The short term goal is to find the simplest way to recycle large lithium-ion batteries. The long term goal is to determine the most financially viable way to recycle large, vehicle lithium-ion batteries. This has the potential to be a game changer in the lithium supply chain and will benefit Canada in making it a leader in lithium recycling, whose use is expanding exponentially as shown in the November 2015 National Geographic. ***Single point incremental forming (SPIF) is a sheet metal forming Manufacturing process used to fabricate non-uniform sheet metal rapid prototypes – “dieless” forming. The finished parts can be used directly in products. The process does not require a forming die to make complicated sheet metal parts. Although SPIF is used to make rapid prototypes, many issues still exist, including: the possibility of using this process to make parts in larger production quantities; using exotic materials; increasing the accuracy of SPIF-made parts; reducing tool wear. Our research shows that high currents, in electrically assisted forming (EAF), increases the formability of exotic materials; this will be examined further. In the work proposed, we will examine the effect of temperature on SPIF and on the deformed grain structure that is a result of the process. The introduction of SPIF into the manufacturing community will be pursued. The possibility of combining SPIF with additive manufacturing (AM), thereby bringing together two rapid prototyping techniques, which will give greater rapid prototyping and structural possibilities, will be researched. The research work will benefit industry: Enabling working rapid prototypes for immediate use; Medical parts, such as titanium protective plates, for post brain surgery; Small production runs of sheet metal parts at low cost.**