Manufacturing: 1) Sustainable Manufacturing (Life Cycle Engineering), and 2) Metal Forming.

研究是在制造业的标题下提出的，作为两个相关但不同的领域：1)可持续制造，和2)金属成形。*拟议工作的目标是在制造业进行研究：1)可持续制造，或生命周期工程(LCE)，具体地说，回收锂离子电池；2)金属成形，特别是作为快速原型和生产技术的金属板材的单点渐进成形(SPIF)。*回收锂离子电池。回收利用是可持续制造的一部分。目前，回收锂离子电池只是为了回收钴等高价值材料。尽管2012年的一份主要报告没有指出锂处于关键供应模式，但未来的设计和制造需求已经迅速变化，在可预见的未来，如果要满足对廉价锂供应的需求，就需要包括从锂离子电池回收的锂。一个例子是最近锂离子电源墙的出现，以及对电动汽车的需求呈指数级增长。短期目标是找到回收大型锂离子电池的最简单方法。长期目标是确定最经济可行的回收大型车用锂离子电池的方法。这有可能改变锂供应链的游戏规则，并将使加拿大成为锂回收领域的领先者，正如2015年11月《国家地理》所显示的那样，锂回收的使用正在指数级扩大。*单点渐进成形(SPIF)是一种板材成形制造工艺，用于制造非均匀的板材快速原型--“无模”成形。成品零件可直接用于产品。该工艺不需要成形模具来制造复杂的金属薄板零件。尽管SPIF被用于制造快速原型，但仍然存在许多问题，包括：使用该工艺大量生产零件的可能性；使用外来材料；提高SPIF制造零件的精度；减少刀具磨损。我们的研究表明，在电辅助成形(EAF)中，大电流增加了外来材料的成形性；这一点将得到进一步检验。在建议的工作中，我们将研究温度对SPIF的影响以及作为该过程的结果的变形的颗粒结构。将继续将特殊目的基金引入制造业。将研究将SPIF与添加制造(AM)相结合的可能性，从而将两种快速成型技术结合在一起，从而提供更大的快速成型和结构可能性。这项研究工作将使工业受益：能够立即使用的快速原型；用于脑部手术后的医疗部件，如钛保护板；以低成本小规模生产金属板件。

Research is proposed under the heading of Manufacturing, as two related but distinct areas: 1) Sustainable Manufacturing, and 2) Metal Forming.***The objective of the proposed work is to conduct research in Manufacturing: 1) Sustainable Manufacturing, or Life Cycle Engineering (LCE), specifically, recycling lithium-ion batteries and 2) Metal Forming, specifically Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) of sheet metal as a rapid prototyping and production technique. ***Recycling Lithium ion batteries. Recycling is part of Sustainable Manufacturing. Recycling lithium-ion batteries is currently done only to recover high value materials such as cobalt. Although a major report in 2012 did not identify lithium as being in critical supply mode, future design and manufacturing needs have already changed rapidly, and in the foreseeable future there will be a need to include recycled lithium from lithium-ion batteries, if demand for inexpensive supplies of lithium are to be met. An example is the recent appearance of lithium-ion powerwalls and the exponentially increasing demand for electric vehicles. The short term goal is to find the simplest way to recycle large lithium-ion batteries. The long term goal is to determine the most financially viable way to recycle large, vehicle lithium-ion batteries. This has the potential to be a game changer in the lithium supply chain and will benefit Canada in making it a leader in lithium recycling, whose use is expanding exponentially as shown in the November 2015 National Geographic. ***Single point incremental forming (SPIF) is a sheet metal forming Manufacturing process used to fabricate non-uniform sheet metal rapid prototypes – “dieless” forming. The finished parts can be used directly in products. The process does not require a forming die to make complicated sheet metal parts. Although SPIF is used to make rapid prototypes, many issues still exist, including: the possibility of using this process to make parts in larger production quantities; using exotic materials; increasing the accuracy of SPIF-made parts; reducing tool wear. Our research shows that high currents, in electrically assisted forming (EAF), increases the formability of exotic materials; this will be examined further. In the work proposed, we will examine the effect of temperature on SPIF and on the deformed grain structure that is a result of the process. The introduction of SPIF into the manufacturing community will be pursued. The possibility of combining SPIF with additive manufacturing (AM), thereby bringing together two rapid prototyping techniques, which will give greater rapid prototyping and structural possibilities, will be researched. The research work will benefit industry: Enabling working rapid prototypes for immediate use; Medical parts, such as titanium protective plates, for post brain surgery; Small production runs of sheet metal parts at low cost.**