Imaging Methods of Tissue Physiology

在过去的十年中，MR已经成为最通用的成像技术之一，这主要是因为它不仅能够可视化形态特征，而且还可以描绘生物物质和其他材料的功能状态。我们有兴趣通过利用这些代谢物的氢与水氢交换的倾向来描绘代谢物分布，称为化学交换饱和转移（CEST）效应。研究计划 * 本提案提出了一项研究计划，以调查化学交换饱和转移效应，表征其使用的物理化学条件，并开发生物物质成像方法。该提案侧重于通过创建新的非侵入性成像技术来确定生物组织状态的更大研究工作的三个方面。* 研究挑战 *？在各种生物相关的化学品，如酰胺，胺和糖的化学交换氢的交换率是敏感的重要组织环境因素，如温度，pH值和细胞的微观结构。我们将量化和验证CEST光谱的pH敏感性，以研究肿瘤组织微环境的变化。** 我们将开发动态成像序列，以在体内随时间跟踪CEST对比度，因为组织对药物给药有反应。实施这种动态实验所需的工具是加速数据采集的方案。此外，分析技术充分利用包含在这样的多维数据集中的信息。在过去，我们的实验室已经成功地使用贝叶斯数据分析技术来阐明组织增强曲线中包含的信息的限制，因为小分子药物分布在其脉管系统中。我们将进一步采取这一措施，并调整我们的分析工具，以设计从动态对比度增强的化学交换转移饱和实验中合成实验结果的方法。另一个有希望的研究途径是使用具有理想地适合于在所提出的化学交换饱和转移实验中使用的性质的试剂。这些试剂具有交换质子，其化学位移远离大多数质子的化学位移，因此即使是非常宽的带宽饱和方案也可以清楚地识别。一个相关的，但不同的项目是时间演变的表观扩散系数在肿瘤模型中的治疗干预。早期迹象表明，可能存在表观扩散系数的短暂降低，其生物物理基础可能导致对肿瘤组织中坏死命运的进展的了解。

Introduction***MR has emerged as one of the most versatile imaging techniques over the past decade largely due to its ability to visualize not just morphological features but due to its promise for depicting the functional state of biological matter and other materials. We are interested in depicting metabolite distributions by exploiting the propensity of these metabolites' hydrogens to exchange with the water hydrogens referred to as the Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) effect.******Program of Research ***This proposal lays out a program of research to investigate the chemical exchange saturation transfer effect, to characterize the physico-chemical conditions for its use and to develop the methodology for imaging biological matter. This proposal is focussed on three aspects of a larger research effort to determine the status of biological tissues through the creation of new non-invasive imaging technologies. ******Research Challenges***?Exchange rates of chemically exchanging hydrogens in a variety of biologically relevant chemicals such as amides, amines, and sugars are sensitive to important tissue-environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and cellular microstructure. We will quantify and validate the pH sensitivity of CEST spectra so as to study changes in tumour tissue microenvironment. ******We will develop dynamic imaging sequences to follow CEST contrast through time in vivo as tissue responds to drug administration. Tools required for implementation of such dynamic experiments are schemes to speed up the data acquisition. Further, analysis techniques that fully exploit the information contained in such multi-dimensional data sets. In the past, our lab has had success using Bayesian data analysis techniques to elucidate the limits of information contained in tissue enhancement curves as small-molecular agents distribute in its vasculature. We will take this further and adapt our analytical tools to devise means of synthesizing experimental results from chemical exchange transfer saturation experiments with dynamic contrast-enhanced.******One further promising avenue of research is the use of agents with properties that are ideally suited to the use in the proposed chemical exchange saturation transfer experiments. These agents possess exchanging protons whose chemical shift is far from that of most protons and hence allows a clear identification with even very wide-bandwidth saturation schemes.******One related but distinct project is the temporal evolution of apparent diffusion coefficients in response to treatment intervention in tumour models. Early indications are that there can be a transient decrease of apparent diffusion coefficients the biophysical basis of which might lead to insights into the progression to a necrotic fate in tumour tissue.**