BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE OF PAIN AVOIDANCE : COGNITIVE AND MOTIVATIONAL BIASES UNDERMINING PAIN CONTROLLABILITY

疼痛是对我们身体完整性的紧急威胁的信号;它要求我们完全注意并立即采取行动。然而，痛苦也标志着一长串决策中的一个错误，最终导致我们将自己暴露在危险之中。因此，痛苦也迫使我们重新评估我们未来的行动计划。因此，疼痛的影响远远超出了直接的疼痛体验：基于过去的痛苦体验对未来疼痛的预期会影响我们当前的决定，情绪和疼痛敏感性。因此，从行为控制系统的角度来看，持续的无法控制的疼痛是一个人可能面临的最糟糕的情况。不幸的是，这是数百万慢性疼痛患者每天面临的挑战。唉，我们仍然缺乏疼痛行为效应背后的神经生理学机制的基本知识，因为迄今为止，人类的研究主要集中在疼痛刺激的直接体验特性上（即，疼痛的感觉）。因此，拟议研究计划的目标将是确定可能破坏对疼痛的成功控制的认知和动机偏见的大脑机制。拟议的研究计划包括三项研究，每项研究包括脑电图（EEG）和功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）实验。这两种技术的结合将使我们能够检查大脑对疼痛的反应的精确的空间和时间特征，以及作为可控性函数的预期。更具体地说，研究1将检查工具性学习缺陷，从一段时间的无法控制的疼痛。这种现象被称为“习得性无助”，通常会导致人们停止试图控制疼痛，即使他们可能会学会控制它。研究2将探讨风险和模糊厌恶偏见，即认知偏见，使我们高估疼痛的风险，往往导致不利的决定。最后，研究3将调查确认偏差，这使得人们很难了解疼痛可能没有我们预期的那么高。 总而言之，这些研究将进一步加深我们对认知和动机偏见背后的大脑机制的理解，这些认知和动机偏见可能会损害对疼痛的行为控制，这一主题与数百万每天生活在慢性疼痛中的加拿大人高度相关。

Pain signals the presence of an urgent threat to our corporal integrity; it calls for our complete attention and commands immediate action. However, pain also marks an error in the long chain of decisions that ultimately led us to expose ourselves to danger. Pain therefore also compels us to reassess our future action plans. The effects of pain thus resonate far beyond the immediate painful experience: anticipation of future pain based on past painful experiences influences our current decisions, mood, and pain sensitivity. Hence, from the standpoint of behavioral control systems, unremitting uncontrollable pain is the worst possible scenario one can be confronted with. Unfortunately, this is the challenge that millions of patients with chronic pain are facing every day. Alas, we are still lacking basic knowledge of the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying pain's behavioral effects, as research in humans has so far predominantly focused on the immediate experiential properties of painful stimulations (i.e., how pain feels). The objective of the proposed research program will therefore be to identify the cerebral mechanisms underlying cognitive and motivational biases that can undermine successful control over pain.*******The proposed research program encompasses three studies, each comprising an electroencephalography (EEG) and a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment. The combination of these two techniques will allow us to examine the precise spatial and temporal characteristics of the cerebral responses to pain and its anticipation as a function of controllability. More specifically, study 1 will examine the instrumental learning deficits that follow from a period of uncontrollable pain. This phenomenon, called “learned helplessness”, often leads people to stop trying to control the pain even when they could possibly learn to control it. Study 2 will examine risk and ambiguity aversion biases, i.e. cognitive biases that bring us to overestimate the risk of pain and often lead to disadvantageous decisions. Finally, study 3 will investigate confirmation biases that makes it difficult to learn that pain may not be as high as we expected. Altogether, these studies will further our understanding of the cerebral mechanisms underlying cognitive and motivational biases that can impair behavioral control over pain, a topic which is highly relevant for the millions of Canadians living with chronic pain every day.**