Vertebrate Visual Optics --Ontogeny Phylogeny and Function of the Lens

脊椎动物的视觉光学——个体发育系统发育和晶状体的功能

• 批准号: RGPIN-2015-04951
• 负责人: Sivak, Jacob
• 金额: $ 2.04万
• 依托单位: University of Waterloo
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2018-01-01 至 2019-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=665343
• 关键词: Vertebrate; Visual; Optics; Ontogeny; Phylogeny

The vertebrate eye consists of two refractive components, the crystalline lens and the cornea.The lens is a cellular structure that continues to develop through life. Lens optical (focussing) function is governed by its shape and its refractive index distribution. It is also affected by whether accommodation (the ability to adjust the focussing power) is brought about by changes in lens (and sometimes corneal) shape or through lens movement. The cornea is essentially not refractive when the eye is in water. In addition, the optical development of the eye can be altered experimentally by depriving the eye of clear vision, especially during eye growth.******Projects will explore: 1)Pre-teleost vs. teleost lensoptical function While the typical (teleost) fish lens has received some experimental attention, that of species representing earlier evolutionary development have not. A laser scanning apparatus developed by the applicant will be used to study lens optical function in a variety of modern and representative primitive fish. 2) Optical Development of the Snake Eye The spectacle is a transparent scale that covers the front of the eye and is found in all snakes. When the skin is shed, the spectacle becomes cloudy. Thus, the snake eye is periodically (1 to 4 times per year) subject to blurred vision. The effect of this natural deprivation of clear vision on ocular refractive development will be investigated to see if refractive development is periodically shiifted in the myopic direction. 3)Chromatic Aberration of the Lens In Vitro While the longitudinal chromatic aberration (effect of wavelength on focal length) of the eye and lens is substantial, the influence of age is not clear. A new scanning laser system, using both a short wavelength diode laser (420nm) as well as a red (630nm) laser, has been developed and will be used to examine this issue using animal lenses. 4)In Vitro lens Development. Lentoids are transparent three-dimensional multicellular structures that form from primary lens epithelial cell cultures. The roles of various growth factors in inducing lentoid formation will be explored using a variety of lens cell cultures. The goal of this research is to enhance lens epithelial cell differentiation in order to produce lentoids with lens-like optical properties approaching that of the natural lens.  5) Use of cultured eyetissue as in vitro ocular toxicology assays. A variety of lens and corneal cell cultures will be used to develop a battery of assays that can be used in eye toxicology in order to minimize the use of live animals in testing to evaluate the risk of using new eye-related products.*****

脊椎动物的眼睛由两个折射部分组成，即晶状体透镜和角膜。透镜是一种细胞结构，在生命中不断发育。透镜的光学（聚焦）功能由其形状和折射率分布决定。它还受到调节（调节聚焦能力的能力）是否由透镜（有时是角膜）形状的变化或通过透镜运动引起的影响。当眼睛在水中时，角膜基本上不折射。此外，眼睛的光学发育可以通过剥夺眼睛的清晰视觉来改变，特别是在眼睛生长期间。项目将探讨：1）前硬骨鱼与硬骨鱼的晶状体光学功能虽然典型的（硬骨鱼）鱼类的透镜受到了一些实验的关注，但代表早期进化发展的物种的晶状体却没有。申请人开发的激光扫描装置将用于研究各种现代和代表性原始鱼类的透镜光学功能。2)蛇眼的光学发育眼镜是一种覆盖在眼睛前部的透明鳞片，在所有的蛇中都可以找到。当皮肤脱落时，景象变得浑浊。因此，蛇眼会定期（每年1至4次）出现视力模糊。将研究这种清晰视力的自然剥夺对眼屈光发展的影响，以观察屈光发展是否周期性地向近视方向转移。3)体外透镜的色差虽然眼睛和透镜的纵向色差（波长对焦距的影响）是显著的，但年龄的影响并不清楚。一种新的扫描激光系统，使用短波长二极管激光器（420 nm）以及红色（630 nm）激光器，已被开发出来，并将被用来检查这个问题，使用动物晶状体。4）体外透镜开发。类晶状体是由原代透镜上皮细胞培养物形成的透明三维多细胞结构。各种生长因子在诱导类晶状体形成中的作用将使用各种透镜细胞培养物来探索。本研究的目的是促进透镜上皮细胞的分化，以产生具有接近天然透镜的晶状体样光学性质的晶状体。将使用各种透镜和角膜细胞培养物开发一系列可用于眼毒理学的试验，以尽量减少在评价使用新眼相关产品的风险的试验中使用活体动物。*****