Astrophysics of Supernova Remnants In the 2020's: Their Progenitors, Engines and High-Energy Phenomena

超新星(SNE)及其残骸(SNR)代表了宇宙中一些最具能量和最引人入胜的事件。它们是热(热)和非热(能量)宇宙的主要驱动力。它们与宇宙学、星系的化学丰度和动力学、宇宙射线加速、极端(中子星和黑洞)物理、宇宙磁性和正在爆炸的“多波长、多信使”天体物理的新时代有关。整个电磁频谱的SNR研究极大地促进了我们对这些天体和SN爆炸后果的理解，然而许多基本问题仍有待回答。这些问题包括：不同类型的SNE如何以及在哪里爆炸？它们产生的化学元素的组成是什么？在SN激波中，宇宙射线被加速到的最大能量是多少？观测到的中子星多样性与SNR有关，是先天因素还是后天因素？SNR可以拥有黑洞吗？*我们的目标是通过研究银河系和麦哲伦星云对象，使用多波长方法(重点是X射线和射电数据)来解决这些问题。这一领域还将大大受益于最近旨在研究Ia型核合成产额和核坍塌SNE、超音速冲击下的粒子加速以及中子星磁场演化的理论工作。未来看起来是光明的，计划在2020年“S”期间和之后的设施：从平方公里阵列(SKA)及其无线电探路器，到日立恢复任务和雅典娜X射线，再到切伦科夫伽马望远镜阵列(CTA)。*拟议的项目自然建立在我近年来在马尼托巴大学建立的快速增长的SNR小组的基础上。在引力波/中子星合并天体物理学和数据挖掘方面正在寻求新的方向，事实证明，这些方向成功地招收了(更多)学生进入科学，特别是高能/SN天体物理学。

Supernovae (SNe) and their remnants (SNRs) represent some of the most energetic and fascinating events in the Universe. They are primary drivers for both the thermal (hot) and non-thermal (energetic) Universe. They are relevant to cosmology, the chemical enrichment and dynamics of galaxies, cosmic ray acceleration, extreme (neutron star and black hole) physics, cosmic magnetism and the exploding new era of "multi-wavelength, multi-messenger" astrophysics. SNR studies across the electromagnetic spectrum have significantly advanced our understanding of these objects and of the aftermath of a SN explosion, however many fundamental questions remain to be answered. These questions include: How and where do SNe of the different types explode? What is the make-up of the chemical elements they produce? What are the maximum energies to which cosmic rays are accelerated in SN shocks? Is the observed diversity of neutron stars associated with SNRs caused by nature or nurture? Can SNRs host black holes?******We aim to address these questions by studying Galactic and Magellanic Clouds objects, using a multi-wavelength approach (with focus on X-ray and radio data). This field will also significantly benefit from, as well as feed, recent theoretical efforts aimed at studying nucleosynthesis yields from type Ia and core-collapse SNe, particle acceleration at supersonic shocks, and magnetic field evolution in neutron stars. The future looks bright with upcoming facilities planned during and beyond the 2020's : from the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) and its pathfinders in the radio, to the Hitomi recovery mission and ATHENA in X-rays, to the Cherenkov Telescope Array in gamma-rays (CTA). ******The proposed program naturally builds on the fast-growing SNR group that I have established in recent years at the U. of Manitoba. New directions are being pursued in gravitational waves/neutron-star mergers astrophysics and data mining which are proving to be successful in recruiting (more) students into science in general, and high-energy/SN astrophysics in particular.**