Nuclear Astrophysics at McMaster with Stable and Radioactive Ion Beams

我的研究旨在回答两个乍看起来毫无关联，但又密不可分的问题：（1）我们周围的一切从何而来？或者更具体地说，我们骨骼中的钙，我们呼吸的空气中的氧气以及其他物质的来源是什么？ 第二个问题：（2）为什么太阳是“温暖的”？或者更一般地说，星星是如何发光的？ 令人惊讶的是，大自然通过做第一件事来做第二件事。 鉴于我们对物理定律的理解，像我们太阳这样的恒星最有可能的能量来源是它们核心的核反应。在星星的生命过程中，这些反应也使轻元素变成重元素。 当一颗星星因耗尽核燃料而“死亡”时，它所产生的元素会被放回太空，有时温和，有时猛烈（“超新星”）。 在这些元素中，新的恒星和行星诞生，最终导致地球上的人类。 因此，我们实际上是由星尘组成的（或者，不那么诗意地说，是由核废料组成的！） 我的研究旨在通过在陆地实验室中研究这些恒星核反应来证实和充实我们宇宙遗产的这种范式的细节。 我的研究经费使我的团队能够使用最先进的设备：粒子加速器，用于产生离子束，然后与“目标”碰撞，以再现恒星中发生的反应;以及“探测器”，用于测量反应产物的性质。 通过这些测量，我们可以确定有关反应及其速率的详细信息。 近年来，我的研究重点一直是超新星、新星和x射线爆发等恒星爆炸。 在这个建议中，我们描述了一些项目，这些项目将帮助我们更好地理解（1）X射线爆发是如何“触发”的;（2）在新星爆炸中合成的元素有多重，它们能被看到吗？（3）超新星中产生了哪些元素。 这些实验将使核天体物理学界的其他人受益，因为结果将被输入恒星的计算机模型，在其中探索它们对能量产生和核合成的影响。 由于所有这些恒星都非常热，临界核反应通常涉及不稳定的外来元素，而不是普通的稳定元素。这带来了技术挑战，因为不稳定离子束的产生可能具有挑战性。 我们已经并将继续在加拿大、美国、日本和欧洲的实验室工作，使用稳定和不稳定的光束。 这一战略使我的团队和其他领先的国际团队之间实现了强大的交叉施肥，这对加拿大该领域的整体健康至关重要，而且也为学生提供了极好的培训机会。 简而言之，这项研究将确保加拿大和麦克马斯特大学将为这个不断发展和令人兴奋的研究领域做出自己的重要贡献。

My research aims to answer two questions that seem unrelated at first glance, but which are inextricably linked: (1) Where does everything around us come from? Or more specifically, what is the origin of the calcium in our bones, the oxygen in the air we breathe, and the rest? And the second question: (2) Why is the sun "warm"? Or more generally, how do stars shine? Amazingly, Nature does the second by doing the first. Given our understanding of physical laws, the most likely origin of the energy that powers stars like our sun is from nuclear reactions in their cores. Over the course of the star's life, these reactions also make heavy elements out of light ones. When a star "dies" by running out of nuclear fuel, the elements it cooked up are put back into space, sometimes gently, and sometimes violently ("supernova"). Out of these elements, new stars and planets are born, leading ultimately to human beings on Earth. We are thus literally made of stardust (or, less poetically, of nuclear waste!). My research aims to corroborate and flesh out the details of this paradigm for our cosmic heritage, by studying these stellar nuclear reactions in terrestrial laboratories. My research funding gives my team access to state-of-the-art equipment: particle accelerators to produce beams of ions that are then collided with a "target", in order to reproduce the reactions that are happening in the stars; and "detectors" to measure the properties of the reaction products. From these measurements, we determine detailed information about the reaction and its rate. My focus in recent years has been on stellar explosions like supernovae, novae, and x-ray bursts. In this proposal, we describe projects that will help us better to understand (1) how an x-ray burst is “triggered”; (2) how heavy are the elements synthesized in a nova explosion and can they be seen; and (3) which elements are made in a supernova. These experiments will benefit the rest of the nuclear-astrophysics community, in that the results will be put into computer models of stars, within which their implications for the energy generation and nucleosynthesis are explored. Since all these stars are very hot, the critical nuclear reactions often involve unstable, exotic elements instead of the garden-variety stable ones. This poses a technical challenge, because beams of unstable ions can be challenging to produce. We have been, and will be, working at laboratories in Canada, the USA, Japan and Europe, using both stable and unstable beams. This strategy has enabled a strong cross-fertilization between my group and other leading international teams, which is imperative for the overall health of the field in Canada, and which, also importantly, has provided excellent training opportunities for students. In short, this research will ensure that Canada and McMaster University will make their own important contribution to this growing and exciting research area.**