The Strategic Use of Heat Pumps and Thermal Storage for Residential Demand-side Management

空调和家用热水负荷占加拿大住宅能源使用的80%以上。这些负载在冬季早晨（空间加热和热水使用）和夏季下午（空间冷却）对公用电网产生了显著的峰值能量需求。这对电网产生了一些负面影响，包括增加了所需的生产能力和配电能力。因此，由于基础设施老化和容量迅速接近，减少电网的峰值能源需求在未来十年至关重要。作为回应，安大略和新斯科舍省（占加拿大人口的41%）的公用事业提供商在高峰期实施了费率溢价（即，使用时间计费）。这种做法是为了鼓励消费者将用电从高峰期转移到非高峰期。 热泵和热存储的使用可以通过允许存储能量来缓解非高峰时段与建筑物占用者需求之间的时间能量失配，从而减少高峰时段期间对化石燃料的需求。该研究计划的总体目标是发现使用热泵和蓄热进行住宅需求侧管理的创新概念。 该计划支持基础研究，包括由实验分析支持的组件级数值建模。完整的热泵热存储系统的数值模拟将在TRNSTIM软件中实现，并对从卡尔顿大学太阳能系统实验室的受控实验室实验中获得的实验数据进行验证。为了进行这项研究，2博士。和2个硕士学生将被招募，并解决以下四个短期目标： 物镜A：评估显热和潜热储存及其与住宅热泵的集成，以减少高峰公用事业需求 物镜B：蓄热和冷气候空气源热泵的集成，以改善季节性性能 物镜C：制定控制策略以抵消家用热水负荷高峰 物镜D：热泵与太阳能的结合：太阳能光热发电的性能比较 预计这些新系统将有助于分布式热电（智能电网）能源解决方案的增长趋势，以减少对加拿大能源消费的长期影响，并减少峰值电力负荷，能源成本和温室气体排放。预计该计划将推动暖通空调设计，传热和控制系统的行业创新，并促进HQP的发展和培训。研究生将接受培训，学习使用建筑能源研究所必需的现代设备，如数据采集和控制系统，热和流体测量仪器以及能源模拟工具。

Space conditioning and domestic hot water loads account for over 80 percent of the residential energy use in Canada. These loads place significant peak energy demand on the utility grid during winter mornings (space heating and hot water use) and summer afternoons (space cooling). This has a number of negative impacts on the electricity grid, including an increase in required production capacity and distribution capabilities. As a result, reducing peak energy demand on the grid is paramount over the next decade due to infrastructure aging and rapidly approaching capacity. In response, utility providers in Ontario and Nova Scotia (accounting for 41% of Canada's population) have implemented rate premiums during peak periods (i.e., time of use billing). This practice is used to encourage consumers to shift their electricity use from on-peak to off-peak periods. The use of heat pumps and thermal storage can alleviate the temporal energy mismatch between off-peak periods and building occupant demands by allowing energy to be stored, thus reducing demand on fossil fuels during peak periods. The overall objective of the research program is aimed at discovering innovative concepts to use heat pumps and thermal storage for residential demand-side management. The program supports fundamental research consisting of component level numerical modelling, supported by experimental analysis. Numerical simulations of complete heat pump thermal storage systems will be implemented in the TRNSYS software and validated against experimental data obtained from controlled laboratory experiments at the Solar Energy Systems Laboratory at Carleton University. To undertake this research, 2 Ph.D. and 2 M.A.Sc. students will be recruited and address the following four short-term objectives: Obj. A: Evaluation of sensible and latent thermal storages and their integration with residential heat pumps to reduce peak utility demand Obj. B: Integration of thermal storage and cold climate air source heat pumps for improved seasonal performance Obj. C: Development of control strategies to offset peak domestic hot water loads Obj. D: Combining heat pumps with solar energy: performance comparison between solar thermal and photovoltaics It is expected that these new systems will contribute to growing trends for distributed thermal and electrical (smart grid) energy solutions to reduce the long-term impact on Canadian energy consumption, and reduce peak electrical loads, energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions. It is anticipated that this program will drive industry innovations in value-added HVAC design, heat transfer and control systems, and will foster the development and training of HQP. Graduate students will be trained in the use of modern equipment essential for building energy studies such as data acquisition and control systems, instrumentation for thermal and fluid measurements, and energy simulation tools.