Ecosytem functionning at the crossroad of biogeography and community ecology

生态学家一直对生物多样性的空间分布很感兴趣。温度直接影响大生物地理梯度上的许多生态系统过程，因为它影响生物速率。气候也是许多物种范围和生态相互作用的重要驱动因素。然而，在这些事实之间的十字路口发现了一个基本的，但仍然没有答案的问题：生物多样性的分布和正在发生的群落生态学在多大程度上影响了生态系统功能的全球分布？我的研究计划的长期目标是发展理论来理解和预测生物地理空间尺度上的生物多样性分布和生态系统功能。更具体地说，我将研究生态相互作用结构的空间变化与温度对生物速率的直接影响协同作用，在生物地理尺度上限制生态系统生产力的假设。我的具体目标是：i)发展一种数学形式来表示元生态系统相互作用网络的体系结构；Ii)综合元生态系统的复杂性及其维数分析；Iii)形式化和检验营养调节的温度依赖性定量理论。

Ecologists have always been fascinated by the spatial distribution of biodiversity. Temperature impacts directly many ecosystem processes over large biogeographical gradients because it affects biological rates. Climate is also an essential driver of many species ranges and ecological interactions. At the crossroad between these facts is however found a fundamental, and still unanswered, question: to what extent the distribution of biodiversity, and the community ecology taking place, is influencing the global distribution of ecosystem functioning? The long-term objective of my research program is to develop theory to understand and predict biodiversity distribution and ecosystem functioning at biogeographical spatial scales. More specifically, I will investigate the hypothesis that the spatial variation of the architecture of ecological interactions is constraining ecosystem productivity at the biogeographical scale, in synergy with the direct effect of temperature on biological rates. My specific objectives are: i) develop a mathematical formalism to represent the architecture of metaecosystem interaction networks; ii) synthesize the complexity of metaecosystems with analysis of their dimensionality; iii) formalize and test quantitative theory of temperature-dependence of trophic regulation. I will integrate different methodological approaches to reach my objectives, from mathematical modeling to experiments and field observations. In project 1, I will reconstruct the network of direct and indirect ecological interactions across the Arctic. I will conduct field sampling at sites spread across the gradient to document plant-herbivore, plant-pollinator and predator-prey interactions, which I will integrate with knowledge of spatial exchanges by migration and foraging of animals. In project 2, I will investigate the dimensionality of metaecosystems. I will quantify the number of latent variables required to describe the variation in the structure of willows-gallers-parasitoids networks across northern Europe. In project 3, I will develop and test a quantitative theory of temperature-dependence of trophic regulation. I will use the microbial food web inhabiting the leaves of the purple pitcher plants to parameterize the model and conduct experiments testing its quantitative predictions. The strength of this program is based upon the integration of biogeography, community ecology and ecosystem ecology. The formalism I will develop will bring the field beyond the simplistic view of 'networks of networks'. Metaecosystems are among the most complex ecological structures because they integrate space, time and interactions and I will quantify their dimensions to challenge the view that community ecology is a mess. Finally, the theory I develop will be critical to understand the joint effects of climate change and biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning.