Antimicrobial resistance genes in bioaerosols in Canadian arctic, rural, and urban environments: sources, profiles, transport and fate

人类，通过他们的许多活动，一直在选择和扩增携带抗生素抗性基因的细菌。生物气溶胶作为抗生素耐药微生物的储存库和繁殖源尚未得到充分研究。生物气溶胶是指空气中的生物微粒。它们无处不在，从农业、水、植物和工业活动等自然和人为来源排放。空气可导致生物制剂的远距离传播，必须更好地了解人类活动对抗微生物药物耐药性通过空气传播的潜在影响，以建立适当的风险和预防模型。在一个国际团队的帮助下，加拿大将在全国各地部署各种采样策略，调查和绘制加拿大不同地点（城市、农村、北极）的空气污染情况。长途运输和高大气耐药含量将得到解决。收集的样本将用于评估健康风险和基因转移潜力。在加拿大，我们有机会研究东西轴、南北轴以及垂直轴（对流层高层和云层）上的ARG传播，包括五种日本气候类型中的四种（干燥、温带、大陆性、极地）。因此，该项目将通过在加拿大极北地区和高大气、海外以及通过各种城市和农村活动取样来解决ARG的远距离运输问题。拟议的计划将填补在加拿大通过生物气溶胶了解抗菌素耐药性传播和暴露方面的巨大空白。一项重要成果将是在风险评估模型中增加生物气溶胶，并制定项目，以确定关键领域的适当缓解和衰减措施。该项目将产生一批在ARG和生物气溶胶方面具有先锋经验的HQP，这对加拿大具有独特的价值。该研究项目有能力通过将“空气”纳入ARG暴露和风险模型和预测来改变范式，发展新的研究学科，在加拿大和国际上通过向其他人为和自然活动输出专业知识并描述其ARG贡献而产生衍生产品。

Humans, through many of their activities, have been selecting and amplifying bacteria that carry genes for antibiotic resistance. Bioaerosols are understudied as reservoirs and propagation sources of antibiotic resistant microbes. Bioaerosols are defined by airborne particles of biological origin. They are found everywhere, emitted from natural and man-made sources such as agriculture, water, plants and industrial activities. Air can lead to long distance transmission of biological agents and potential impact of human activities on spreading of antimicrobial resistance through the air must be better understood to fill appropriate risk and prevention models. Various sampling strategies will be deployed across the country to survey and map Canada's air contamination in various sites (urban, rural, arctic) thanks to an international team. Long distance transport and high atmosphere antimicrobial resistance content will be addressed. The samples collected will be used to evaluate health risks and gene transfer potential. In Canada, we have the opportunity to study ARG dissemination on an East-West axis, a North-South axis, as well as on a vertical axis (high troposphere and clouds), including four out of five Koppen climate types (dry, temperate, continental, polar). This project will thus address long-distance transport of ARG through sampling in the Far North of Canada and in the high atmosphere, overseas and through diverses urban and rural activities. The proposed program will fill huge gaps in the understanding of the spreading and exposure of antimicrobial resistance through bioaerosols in Canada. An important outcome will be to add bio aerosols in risk assessment models and develop projects to determine appropriate mitigation and attenuation measure in key areas. This program will generate a cohort of HQP with pioneer experience in ARG and bioaerosol, a unique profile of great value for Canada. This research program has the power to transform, to change paradigms by including the "air" in ARG exposure and risk models andprediction, to develop new research disciplines, to have spin-offs in Canada and internationally by exporting expertise to other man-made and natural activities and describe their ARG contribution.