Behavioural landscape ecology: scaling-up from individuals to populations under rapid environmental changes / Écologie comportementale à l'échelle du paysage: de l'individu à la population lors de changements rapides des conditions environnementales

行为景观生态学：在快速环境变化下从个体到种群的扩展 / âÂcologie compportementale à làchelle du paysage: de lindividu à la Population lors de Changements Rapides des Conditions

• 批准号: RGPIN-2018-06087
• 负责人: Bélisle, Marc
• 金额: $ 3.42万
• 依托单位: Université de Sherbrooke
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2022-01-01 至 2023-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=744992
• 关键词: Behavioural; landscape; ecology; scaling; up

Rapid environmental changes can lead to maladaptive behavioral responses when individuals fail to recognise the mismatch between perceived and actual fitness outcomes associated to specific resources or behaviors. Indeed, rapid environmental changes can alter the historical correlations between environmental cues and fitness, and lead individuals to engage into behaviors that ultimately lower their breeding success or survival. Such maladaptive responses have been referred to as evolutionary traps, and when related to habitat selection, as ecological traps.Wild bees and farmland birds, particularly aerial insectivorous ones, show strong population declines coinciding with the recent agricultural intensification (AI) that occurred in North America and Europe. The rapidity of this AI and the fact that intensively cultivated areas retain habitat attributes of natural grasslands and “ancient” farmlands are likely conducive to maladaptive behavioral responses by animals using “modern” farmlands. Indeed, cultivated fields are likely to present environmental conditions analogous to those found in natural open habitats such as grasslands, at least early in the growing season. Cultivated fields may thereby draw individuals to settle in sites which eventually decrease abruptly in quality because of mechanical treatments, such as harvesting, or toxicological and trophic effects resulting from pesticide applications. Worse, cultivated fields could even exert a greater attraction than alternative habitats despite being detrimental. Hence, AI has the potential to create evolutionary traps and if dispersal cannot help organisms avoid or escape such traps, then individual performance as well as that of their populations must depend on phenotypic plasticity and/or on evolutionary responses.My students and I will investigate how AI can influence dispersal behavior and cause departures from “ideal” habitat selection in the Tree Swallow. We will also assess the reliability of landscape composition cues as indicators of prey availability and contamination by pesticides for this declining aerial insectivore. In addition, we will model the spatiotemporal dynamics between local population trends of Tree Swallows and local changes in pesticide use across North America. We will also investigate how AI affects the life history, productivity and survival of bumblebee colonies, as well as assess if phenotypic plasticity in their morphology could help bumblebees mitigate the impacts of AI. Filling such knowledge gaps is necessary in order to improve our ability to predict where, when, and how evolutionary traps are more likely to occur and how their impacts can be avoided or mitigated.

当个体未能认识到与特定资源或行为相关的感知和实际适应度结果之间的不匹配时，快速的环境变化可能导致适应不良的行为反应。事实上，快速的环境变化可以改变环境线索和适应性之间的历史相关性，并导致个体参与最终降低其繁殖成功率或存活率的行为。这种适应不良反应被称为进化陷阱，当与栖息地选择有关时，被称为生态陷阱。野生蜜蜂和农田鸟类，特别是空中食虫的鸟类，随着最近在北美和欧洲发生的农业集约化（AI），数量急剧下降。这种人工智能的快速发展，以及集约化耕地保留了天然草原和“古代”农田的栖息地属性，可能会导致动物在使用“现代”农田时产生不适应的行为反应。的确，至少在生长季节的早期，耕地很可能呈现出类似于草原等自然开放栖息地的环境条件。因此，耕地可能会吸引人们定居在由于机械处理（如收割）或农药使用引起的毒理学和营养效应而最终质量突然下降的地方。更糟糕的是，耕地甚至可能比其他栖息地更有吸引力，尽管它是有害的。因此，人工智能有可能创造进化陷阱，如果扩散不能帮助生物体避免或逃脱这些陷阱，那么个体及其种群的表现必须取决于表型可塑性和/或进化反应。我和我的学生将研究人工智能如何影响散布行为，并导致树燕偏离“理想”栖息地选择。我们还将评估景观组成线索作为猎物可用性和杀虫剂污染指标的可靠性。此外，我们还将模拟北美各地树燕种群趋势与当地农药使用变化之间的时空动态关系。我们还将研究人工智能如何影响大黄蜂群体的生活史、生产力和生存，并评估其形态的表型可塑性是否有助于大黄蜂减轻人工智能的影响。填补这样的知识空白是必要的，以便提高我们预测进化陷阱更有可能发生的地点、时间和方式，以及如何避免或减轻其影响的能力。