Impact Cratering: Processes, Products and Effects

撞击坑：过程、产品和影响

• 批准号: RGPIN-2018-06230
• 负责人: Osinski, Gordon
• 金额: $ 5.46万
• 依托单位: University of Western Ontario
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2022-01-01 至 2023-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=751170
• 关键词: Impact; Cratering; Processes; Products; Effects

Impact cratering is a fundamental and ubiquitous geological process in the Solar System. It is considered the most important surface process on the Moon, Mercury, asteroids, and over large parts of the more geologically active planets of Mars and Venus. There is also growing awareness that meteorite impact events have also played an important role throughout Earth's history, shaping the geological landscape, affecting the evolution of life, and producing mineral and hydrocarbon deposits of major economic significance. This research program will further our understanding of meteorite impact events and their beneficial scientific and economic effects. This is particularly important for Canada, which draws such a huge amount of wealth from the mining within the Sudbury impact structure the richest mining district in North America. The central guiding theme of the proposed research is Meteorite Impacts - Processes, Products, and Effects. The overarching goal and long-term (5+ years) objective of my research is to investigate and to quantify the potential beneficial effects of meteorite impact events on Earth, from the generation of new, unique habitats for life to the formation of mineral deposits of economic potential. To understand these beneficial effects, the short-term (years 15) Objectives of the proposed research is to investigate three key Processes involved in the formation of meteorite impact structures, namely:Objective 1) Understand how rocks are metamorphosed and melted during impact events;Objective 2) Understand how impact ejecta is emplaced;Objective 3) Understand how hydrothermal systems within impact craters develop and evolve.This work focuses on comparative study of impact craters on the Earth, Moon and Mars, with a focus on the study of craters ~240 km in diameter within different types of target rocks and in different states of preservation. This will enable the differentiation of local effects and features of specific craters from more general features of impact craters. Fieldwork forms the foundation for this research coupled with the investigation of samples with a series of cutting-edge analytical techniques. In addition to fieldwork at the Haughton, Mistastin Lake, Ries, Rochechouart, and West Clearwater Lake impact structures, this research also capitalizes on the transfer of the Impact Crater Collection of the Geological Survey of Canada, which has recently been transferred to Western. This collection comprises ~8 km of drill core from Canadian craters as well as ~8,000 hand samples and ~3,100 thin sections from craters in Canada and from around the world. Field and laboratory observations will be synthesized through this research program to develop a generic model for the modification of an impact crater, from the development of an impact hydrothermal system, followed by sedimentary infilling and/or erosion.

撞击坑是太阳系中一个基本的和普遍存在的地质过程。它被认为是月球、水星、小行星以及火星和金星等地质活动较活跃的行星上最重要的表面过程。人们还日益认识到，陨石撞击事件在整个地球历史上也发挥了重要作用，塑造了地质景观，影响了生命的进化，并产生了具有重大经济意义的矿物和碳氢化合物矿床。这项研究计划将进一步加深我们对陨石撞击事件及其有益的科学和经济影响的了解。这对加拿大来说尤其重要，因为加拿大从萨德伯里撞击结构（Sudbury impact structure）内的采矿中获得了如此巨大的财富，萨德伯里撞击结构是北美最富有的矿区。拟议研究的中心指导主题是陨石影响-过程、产物和影响。我的研究的总体目标和长期（5年以上）目标是调查和量化陨石撞击事件对地球的潜在有益影响，从产生新的，独特的生命栖息地到形成具有经济潜力的矿床。为了了解这些有益的影响，短期内（15年）拟议研究的目标是调查涉及陨石撞击结构形成的三个关键过程，即：目标1）了解岩石在撞击事件中如何变质和熔融;目标2）了解撞击喷出物如何就位;目标3）了解撞击坑内的热液系统是如何发展和演化的。这项工作的重点是对地球上的撞击坑进行比较研究，月球和火星，重点研究不同类型目标岩石内直径约240公里、保存状况不同的陨石坑。这将有助于区分特定弹坑的局部影响和特征与撞击弹坑的一般特征。实地考察构成了这项研究的基础，再加上一系列尖端分析技术的样本调查。除了在豪顿、米斯塔斯廷湖、里斯、罗什舒阿尔特和西清水湖撞击结构的实地工作外，这项研究还利用了加拿大地质调查局撞击坑收集的转移，该收集最近已转移到西部。这些收集包括来自加拿大陨石坑的约8公里的岩芯，以及来自加拿大和世界各地陨石坑的约8，000个手工样本和约3，100个薄切片。将通过这一研究方案综合实地和实验室观察结果，以开发一个通用模型，用于从撞击热液系统的发展，然后再进行沉积充填和（或）侵蚀，修改撞击坑。