From domain-specific languages to domain-specific environments

软件工程师使用各种工具和技术来创建程序。通常，它们依赖于集成开发环境（ide），这些环境提供了一套完整而统一的概念、技术和工具，以覆盖整个软件开发过程。如今，ide不再局限于软件从业者：许多ide致力于特定的专业领域，例如针对音响工程师的Max/MSP和针对建筑师的AutoCAD。这些特定于领域的ide提供了适合于特定于领域的用户的交互模式和工作流，以便在各自的领域中开发模型。为了尽量减少特定领域ide的开发工作量，模型驱动工程（MDE）等几种生成技术可以为特定领域语言（dsl）生成ide。dsl是专用于某个领域（如数据库模型）的小型编程或建模语言，用于生成SQL数据库。dsl的好处是可以根据用户的领域定制建模语言。MDE提供了足够的自动化级别，通过约束用户专门为DSL构建模型，使IDE的编辑器/画布组件适应DSL。然而，这些技术完全依赖于语言的语法。对于需要适应IDE的用户来说，生成的IDE仍然有一个很大的学习曲线，特别是对于用户不是程序员的领域。通常，生成的IDE是对通用编程或建模IDE的定制。这些自定义的通用ide强加了一些程序员熟悉的预定义过程和交互，非编程用户必须适应它们。这个研究项目的目标是通过使特定领域的IDE适应DSL的用户，而不是强迫用户适应IDE，从而彻底改变我们生产特定领域IDE的方式。我们的长期愿景是允许用户在完全沉浸式的环境中编程和建模，以适应他们的需求、习惯和偏好。这推动了用户与IDE交互可能性的界限。用户的工作习惯嵌入到IDE中。这减少了使用IDE的学习曲线和错误倾向，最终提高了用户在其任务中的工作效率。我们建议增强特定于领域的IDE的生成，以考虑DSL的语用性，依赖于用户与IDE交互的明确规范。用户沉浸在一个充满智能编辑器的IDE中，这些编辑器通过新一代的IDE建议按构造正确的程序/模型，从而最大限度地减少了他们的认知努力。这允许用户以超越文本和图形编辑的表示样式指定程序和模型。我们将交互扩展到其他维度，例如多点触摸手势、空间移动以及与其他硬件设备的交互。

Software engineers use various tools and techniques to create programs. Generally, they rely on integrated development environments (IDEs) that offer a complete and unified set of concepts, techniques, and tools to cover the entire software development process. Nowadays, IDEs are no longer restricted to software practitioners: many are dedicated to specific domains of expertise, such as Max/MSP for sound engineers and AutoCAD for architects. These domain-specific IDEs provide modes of interactions and workflows adapted to their domain-specific users to develop models in their respective domain. To minimize the development effort of domain-specific IDEs, several generative techniques, such as model-driven engineering (MDE), can generate IDEs for domain-specific languages (DSLs). DSLs are small programming or modeling languages dedicated to a domain, such as a database model, to generate SQL databases. The benefit of DSLs is to tailor modeling languages to the domain of its users. MDE provides a sufficient level of automation to adapt the editor/canvas component of the IDE to the DSL, by constraining the user to build models specifically for that DSL. However, these techniques exclusively rely on the syntax of the language. Generated IDEs still suffer from a significant learning curve by users who need to adapt to the IDE, especially for domains where users are not programmers. Typically, the generated IDE is a customization of a general-purpose programming or modeling IDE. These customized generic IDEs impose some predefined procedures and interactions, familiar to programmers, to which the non-programming user must adapt. The goal of this research program is to change drastically how we produce domain-specific IDEs by making them adapt to the user of a DSL rather than forcing the user to adapt to the IDE. Our long-term vision is to allow users to program and model in a completely immersive environment that adapts to their needs, habits, and preferences. This pushes the boundaries of user interaction possibilities with the IDE. The working habits of the user become embedded in the IDE. This reduces the learning curve and error proneness in using the IDE, which ultimately improves the productivity of the user at his task. We propose to enhance the generation of domain-specific IDEs to take into account the pragmatics of the DSL, relying on an explicit specification of the user interaction with the IDE. Users are immersed in an IDE enriched with smart editors that minimize their cognitive effort by suggesting correct-by-construction programs/models through a new generation of IDEs. This allows users to specify the programs and models in representation styles that go beyond textual and graphical editing. We extend the interactions to other dimensions, such as multi-touch gestures, movements in space, and interactions with other hardware devices.