Acetylcholine role in the reward system and individual approach style.

早在巴甫洛夫最初的条件反射实验中，狗开始对与食物即将到来有关的蜂鸣器的声音分泌唾液，研究人员注意到一些动物试图按响蜂鸣器以获得食物。在其他物种中也可以观察到同样的行为。对于大鼠来说，在接受食物之前向动物提供不起作用的杠杆会导致一些动物按下杠杆，这种行为称为“符号追踪”。其他动物会选择食物分配者（目标跟踪），或者在这两种行为之间交替。这些个体的接近方式与其他表型相关，这些迹象追踪动物的注意力控制能力较差，有成瘾倾向，并且复发的可能性更大。这些个体行为方式在其他物种中也有观察到，包括人类，其中符号跟踪与肥胖有关。从事符号追踪的动物有几个神经学上的差异，特别是它们的多巴胺能奖励系统（D2和D3受体，DAT）。虽然乙酰胆碱是一种神经递质，其功能与注意力有关，但这种神经递质对多巴胺能系统有一定的控制作用，并可能参与信号跟踪行为。只有少数研究探讨了乙酰胆碱在个人风格行为中的作用。由于符号追踪大鼠已知表现出乙酰胆碱依赖的注意力缺陷，我们怀疑乙酰胆碱系统的控制较弱。乙酰胆碱在很大程度上被忽视了;它的研究是一个基本的兴趣，因为它被称为控制奖励因素。我的创新研究计划旨在更好地理解乙酰胆碱在奖励评估和个体差异中的作用。为了确定乙酰胆碱在个人接近风格中的作用，提出了三个具体目标。1-我们将通过损伤大脑中3个不同的乙酰胆碱区域（自上而下的注意，自下而上的注意和奖励系统）来确定胆碱能系统的不同部分对个体接近风格的作用。2-我们将根据个体的接近方式来评估电生理（ERP）差异。3-我们将量化目标1中提到的三个区域中的符号跟踪器和目标跟踪器动物的神经解剖学差异。总的来说，这些发现将提供关于个体方法风格起源的新知识，并且特别重要，因为这些动物也表现出注意力缺陷，易受药物依赖性的影响，并且更容易复发。乙酰胆碱在个体接近风格中的作用是一个伟大的新前景，导致更好地理解成瘾，注意力控制及其并发症。

As early as Pavlov's original conditioning experiments in which dogs began to salivate to the sound of a buzzer that had been associated with the imminent arrival of food researchers noticed that some animals attempted to ring the buzzer in order to obtain food. The same behaviour can be observed in other species. In rats, a non-functional lever presented to the animal before receiving food will cause some animals to press the lever, a behaviour known as "sign tracking". Other animals go for the food distributor (goal tracking), or alternate between these two behaviors. These individual approach styles correlate with other phenotypesthe sign tracker animals have poor attention control, a propensity to addiction and a greater probability of drug relapse. These individual styles of behaviour are observed in other species, including humans, in which sign tracking is linked to obesity. Animals who engage in sign tracking have several neurological differences, in particular to their dopaminergic reward system (D2 and D3 receptors, DAT). Although acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter whose function is related to attention, this neurotransmitter exerts some control on the dopaminergic system and may be involved in sign-tracking behaviour. Only a few studies have examined the role of acetylcholine in the individual style behaviour. Since sign tracker rats are known to show attentional deficits that are acetylcholine dependent, we suspect a weaker control by the acetylcholine system. Acetylcholine is largely overlooked; its study is a fundamental interest since it is known to control factors of reward. My innovative research program aims at better understanding the role of acetylcholine in reward valuation and individual differences in approach style. To define the acetylcholine role in the individual approach style, three specific objectives are proposed. 1- We will identify the role of the differents parts of the cholinergic system on the individual approach style by lesioning 3 different acetylcholine areas of the brain (top-down attention, bottom-up attention and reward system). 2- We will evaluate the electrophysiological (ERP) differences according to the individual approach style. 3- We will quantify the neuroanatomical differences from the sign tracker and goal tracker animals, in the three regions aforementioned in objective 1. Overall, these findings will provide new knowledge about the origins of the individual approach style and are especially important since these animals also show deficits in attention, vulnerability to drug dependence and greater susceptibility to relapse. The role of acetylcholine in the individual approach style is a great new vista leading to a better understanding of addiction, attention control and their comorbidity.