Source Monitoring and Response Bias in Human Memory

人类记忆中的源监控和反应偏差

• 批准号: RGPIN-2016-03944
• 负责人: Lindsay, DStephen
• 金额: $ 5.25万
• 依托单位: University of Victoria
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2022-01-01 至 2023-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=764072
• 关键词: Source; Monitoring; Response; Bias; Human

I propose two lines of research aimed at breakthrough discoveries concerning basic mechanisms of human memory. 1. I will continue my decades-long study of source monitoring, the hypothesized mechanisms by which thoughts and images are attributed to particular sources (e.g., memory vs. inference; memory of a witnessed event vs. of suggestions). Three sub-lines will advance this program of research in fundamentally new and innovative directions: (1a) In a set of co-witness memory studies, we will employ a ground-breaking technology that uses polarized filters to enable two people to sit side by side watching the same back-projection screen and see different versions of a video. This creates rich conditions for co-witness contamination when the two witnesses are invited to talk together about the video event, enabling us to study the conditions that modulate the likelihood that one witness will incorporate portions of another's report into their own memories of the event. (1b) In a series of studies my students and I will explore “suggested invisibility,” through which subjects are led to report that they had NOT seen particular witnessed details that they had in fact seen. (1c) In a third sub-line of research on source monitoring, I will extend prior work with Maryanne Garry (Victoria U of Wellington, NZ) testing the idea that accompanying claims with non-probative photos can nudge people toward believing the claims (“truthiness”); the new line of proposed studies tests the hypothesis that photos can have parallel effects on subjects' predictions for the future. 2. The second proposed major line of research aims to contribute to theoretical accounts of response bias in recognition memory. Subjects tested on recognition can exhibit liberal bias (i.e., more often err by saying "Yes" when they should say "No") or conservative bias (more often err by saying "No" when they should say "Yes") or no bias (make the two kinds of errors equally often). Bias greatly affects behaviour (e.g., if a soldier erroneously recognizes a civilian as a combatant a tragedy may ensue). (2a) I will follow up my recent discovery, with then-student Justin Kantner (now Assist. Prof. at Cal State Northridge) that there are stable individual differences in response bias: Some people tend to be liberal, others conservative, others neutral. I aim to uncover the mechanisms that underlie this individual difference. (2b) I also aim to illuminate the mechanisms that underlie effects of stimulus materials on response bias. With word lists, response bias on average tends to be neutral (even though some individual subjects are conservative and others are liberal). But we recently discovered that with certain kinds of materials (e.g., scans of paintings) bias is strikingly conservative. There is very little prior research on how and why bias differs across individuals and materials and this work will greatly contribute to models of response bias.

我提出了两条研究路线，旨在对人类记忆的基本机制进行突破性发现。1.我将继续我长达数十年的源监控研究，假设的机制，思想和图像归因于特定的来源（例如，记忆与推理;目击事件的记忆与建议的记忆）。三个子线将推进这个研究计划在根本上新的和创新的方向：（1a）在一组共同见证记忆的研究，我们将采用一种突破性的技术，使用偏振过滤器，使两个人坐在一起看同一个背投影屏幕，看到不同版本的视频。当两个证人被邀请一起谈论视频事件时，这为共同证人污染创造了丰富的条件，使我们能够研究调节一个证人将另一个证人的报告的部分纳入他们自己的事件记忆的可能性的条件。(1b)在一系列的研究中，我和我的学生将探索“暗示隐形”，通过这种方式，受试者被引导报告说，他们没有看到他们实际上看到的特定目击细节。(1c)在关于源监测的第三个子研究线中，我将扩展与Maryanne Garry（维多利亚U的惠灵顿，新西兰）之前的工作，测试伴随着非证明性照片的声明可以推动人们相信声明（“真实性”）的想法;新的研究线测试假设，照片可以对受试者对未来的预测产生平行影响。2.第二个主要的研究方向是对再认记忆中反应偏差的理论解释做出贡献。接受识别测试的受试者可能表现出自由偏差（即，更经常的错误是在应该说“不”的时候说“是”）或保守偏见（更经常的错误是在应该说“是”的时候说“不”）或没有偏见（使这两种错误同样频繁）。偏见极大地影响行为（例如，如果一名士兵错误地将一名平民视为战斗员，可能会发生悲剧）。(2a)我将跟进我最近的发现，与当时的学生贾斯汀坎特纳（现在协助。加州州立大学北岭分校的教授），反应偏差存在稳定的个体差异：有些人倾向于自由主义，有些人倾向于保守主义，有些人倾向于中立。我的目标是揭示这种个体差异背后的机制。(2b)我的目标也是阐明刺激材料对反应偏差影响的机制。对于单词列表，平均而言，反应偏差倾向于中性（即使一些个体受试者是保守派，另一些是自由派）。但我们最近发现，对于某些类型的材料（例如，绘画扫描）偏见是惊人的保守。很少有以前的研究如何以及为什么偏见不同的个人和材料，这项工作将大大有助于模型的反应偏见。