near-miss效应是指在赌博中，与一般的输钱和赢钱相比，“差点赢（near-miss）”的输钱会诱发个体更高的生理唤醒和赌博动机，从而导致个体持续赌钱的一种现象。尽管研究已发现near-miss效应是导致赌博成瘾的主要因素之一，但关于它发生的认知神经机制及其在病态赌博成瘾中的作用机制，至今仍不清楚。本项目拟采用ERP和fMRI技术，从动态结果评价和赌博成瘾角度系统地探讨了这种效应发生的认知神经机制以及在赌博成瘾中的病理机制。研究内容:（1）反事实思维、行为责任感、可控感和赌注大小等内外因素对near-miss效应的调控影响及其电生理机制；（2）near-miss效应的认知神经基础；（3）赌博成瘾中near-miss效应的病理机制。本项目对于进一步了解决策中动态结果评价的认知过程和神经机制具有重要的理论价值，对于理清病态赌博成瘾的发生机制和寻求赌博成瘾的诊治途径具有一定的临床实践意义。

The near-miss effect refers to a phenomenon that, compared with full-misses and wining, near-misses elicit higher level of physiological arousal and gambling motivation, which led to gambling persistence. Despite converging studies have illustrated motivationally enhancing properties of near-misses, a comprehensive psychological explanation of how the near-miss effect operates is still debated. In addition, the neural mechanisms of this effect and its role played in pathological gambling addiction are still unclear. On the basis of previous research, using ERPs and fMRI, the present project aims to further systematically explore the cognitive mechanisms of this effect occurred in a like-slot machine task, as well as mechanisms of pathological gambling addiction. In order to achieve the objective, the present researches focus on the basic researches and pathological analysis from the two aspects of outcome valuation and pathological gambling addiction. Based on the constructed theoretical framework of cognitive mechanisms of the effect, we first explore that how the near-miss effect is modulated by some cognitive factors, such as counterfactual thinking, behavioral responsibility, behavior controllable sense and size of stake, as well as its electrophysiological mechanism by using ERPs; Then, we will study the neural basis of the motivation effect by using fMRI; Finally, from the pathological perspective, we will explore the pathological mechanism of of the effect in gambling addiction. It has important theoretical value for further understanding of the cognitive processes and neural mechanisms of dynamic outcome evaluation in decision-making process, and provides an important insight for the mechanism of pathological gambling addiction, as well as explores the ways of diagnosis and treatment for pathological gambling addiction in the daily life.