树状反胶束调制的多孔吸附剂及其用于广谱微量水污染物的清除

结构化纳米粒子虽能强烈捕获污染物但太小而难以从水中分出，宏观吸附剂则刚好相反，二者的优点能否结合？本课题利用多官能团的树状反胶束作调控剂一釜大规模合成具有精细结构的宏观吸附剂。由亲水聚乙撑亚胺亲油衍生而得到的树状反胶束能在浓乳液的油/水界面组装，并在油相聚合后直接得到表面微观精细官能化的多孔宏观吸附剂。树状反胶束允许人们对其拓扑开放度（亲油取代度）和电子环境（官能团演变）进行预控，因而不仅能屏蔽大量水对互补吸附点的竞争，还能增强与污染物分子间的电子互补，使结合强度提高十万倍以上。特别是各种拓扑形态和电子环境都不同的树状反胶束可同时用作调控剂，最终都镶嵌在多孔材料表面并各自发挥捕捉特定分子的作用，类似于细胞膜上功能各异的各种跨膜蛋白，因此能一次性消除广谱微量水污染物。初步尝试使水中残留亲水染料低于10 ppb，而亲油致癌芳烃低于1 ppb。该类水处理剂易合成、能再生、可规模生产高质量饮用水。

A finely structured nanomaterial can efficiently capture a pollutant but is too small to be separated, while a macroscopic adsorbent is just opposite, can a material combine their merits? In this project, a multifunctional dendritic reverse micelle is used to mediate the one-pot synthesis of a meticulously structured adsorbent. The dendritic reverse-micelle, hydrophobically derived from hyperbranched polyethylenimine (PEI), can readily undergo self-assembly along the interface of a concentric water-in-oil emulsion, and after polymerization of the monomers in the oil phase, forms a microscopically finely surface-functionalized adsorbent. The topological openness of the dendritic reverse micelle can be controlled (by the degree of hydrophobic derivation), and the electronic environment can also be controlled (by chemical derivation of the functional groups). Such a structure can shield the competitive binding by water and enhance the adsorbent-pollutant molecule complement in electronic environment, improving the adsorbing strength by over 105-fold. It is worth to notice that a variety of dendritic reverse micelles, with different topologies and electronic environments, can be simultaneously used, and each embedded on the surface of the adsorbent just like the transmembrane proteins on a cell, and each dendritic reverse micelles will capture a specified pollutant independently, rendering the elimination of wide spectrum of pollutants in one time possible. Preliminary tests show that typical hydrophilic dyes can be reduced to a level below 10 parts per billion (ppb), while that of hydrophobic and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to below 1 ppb. This is a class of adsorbents readily available and recyclable, and can be used to produce quality water in large scale.