环境公正视角下整合生态系统服务供给、需求和流的生态补偿研究——以黄河流域为例

生态系统服务具有明显的社会性和外部性。在特定区域内产生的生态系统服务，会在域外发生效用。直接传递给受益人的服务的程度和规模在不同地区之间差异很大，造成环境不公。实施生态补偿能将外部效应内部化，能有效解决流域上下游发展权不平等、生态经济利益不平衡、生态资产配置不合理等环境公正问题。当前我国生态补偿制度尚未建立一套完善的系统来确定补偿主体和对象、补偿标准、补偿方式和资金来源。亟待厘清生态产品和服务提供者和受益者之间的供给-传导-受益机制，科学确定受益者和补偿金额。前期申请者研究发现，我国不同地区、不同尺度存在较为严重的生态系统服务供需不匹配，导致环境不公，进而影响人类福祉。本研究拟量化黄河流域多种生态系统服务供给和需求，并引入比较生态辐射力，刻画生态系统服务流从自然生态系统向社会系统的传递过程，耦合生态系统服务供给、需求和流以开展生态补偿，为制定区域生态系统管理政策与生态补偿方案提供依据。

Ecosystem services have obvious externality. Ecosystem services generated in a specific area have utility outside the area. The degree and scale of ecosystem services directly delivered to beneficiaries vary greatly among different regions, resulting in environmental injustice. The implementation of ecological compensation can internalize the external effects and effectively solve the problems of environmental justice, such as the inequality of development rights in the upper and lower reaches of a river basin, the imbalance of ecological economic interests, and the unreasonable allocation of ecological assets. China's ecological compensation system has not yet established a perfect system to determine the subject and object of compensation, compensation standards, compensation methods and sources of funds. It is urgent to clarify the supply-transmission-benefit mechanism between the providers of ecological products and services and the beneficiaries, and scientifically determine the beneficiaries and compensation amount. The previous study of applicant found that there was a serious mismatch between supply and demand of ecosystem services in different regions and scales in China, which led to environmental injustice and affected human well-being. The purpose of this study is to quantify the supply and demand of various ecosystem services in the Yellow River Basin, introduce comparative ecological radiation force, characterize the transfer process of ecosystem services flow from natural ecosystem to social system, and couple the supply, demand and flow of ecosystem services to carry out ecological compensation, so as to provide basis for formulating regional ecosystem management policies and ecological compensation schemes.