设计制备高性能（高功率/能量密度、长循环寿命）混合超电容储钠电极材料是推动高性能超电容工业化应用的关键问题之一。本项目采用高效的气流膨化法制备等级多孔的膨化大米碳，并植入纳米金属构建高性能储钠复合电极。系统研究复合材料的微结构特征及其与制备工艺参数的关系，揭示膨化大米碳及其植入纳米金属的生长机制。分析复合结构中孔道尺寸、孔隙率等参数对电化学储钠性能的影响。系统研究复合电极的电极反应动力学如界面反应离子传输扩散速度和电化学反应交换电阻，从储钠空间延伸、协同极化降低、充放电平台扩展、结构稳定性强化等方面阐明复合结构的储钠增强效应。分析研究复合电极的表面电容储钠效应和本体电池储钠效应的量化贡献关系。研究分析复合电极中钠离子的存储/释放和伴生的碳层间距变化的内在关联性，并建立碳层间距变化量对储钠能量的量化监控机制和模型，为高性能钠离子型有机混合超电容电极材料的发展提供有价值的理论基础和实验依据。

One of the key issues to promote the industrial application of high-performance hybrid sodium ion supercapacitors is to rationally design/fabricate advanced electrode materials with high power/energy density and superior cycling life. Based on these requirements, the proposed project aims at integrating nano-metals into puffed rice carbon (PRC) forming PRC/nano-metal hybrid electrode by a facile puffing method for high-performance organic hybrid supercapacitor application. We will address the growth mechanisms of PRC and nano-metals. Moreover, we intend to investigate the influence of electrode microstructures (e.g., dimension and porosity) of PRC/nano-metal hybrid electrode on the supercapacitor performance. The electrode kinetics of the hybrid electrode will be studied in terms of interface electrochemical reaction impedance and ion diffusion rate. Additionally, we will clarify the sodium ion storage reinforcement effect of the PRC/nano-metal hybrid electrode by investigating composite structure dependence of sodium ion storage space, charge/discharge polarization, structural stability, ion/electron transfer and energy/power density. We will investigate the electrochemical kinetics of sodium ion storage of the hybrid electrode and address the sodium ion storage contribution effect between surface capacitive effect and diffusion-controlled battery effect. In addition, we intend to investigate the dependence between interlayer space change of PRC and insertion/extraction of Na+, and establish the quantitative monitoring mechanism/model between interlayer space change and insertion/extraction of Na+. This project will provide valuable theoretical basis and experimental evidence for the development of high-performance electrode materials for organic hybrid supercapacitors application.