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我国主要粮食作物化肥减施增效技术适宜性评估研究

批准号:
32102492
项目类别:
青年科学基金项目(C类)
资助金额:
30.0 万元
负责人:
丁文成
学科分类:
肥料与养分管理
结题年份:
2024
批准年份:
2021
项目状态:
已结题
项目参与者:
丁文成

项目摘要

结项摘要

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中文摘要
化肥减施增效是协同粮食安全和生态环境安全、保障农业绿色发展的重要途径。缓/控释肥、有机替代、秸秆还田、绿肥轮作等技术在化肥减施、增产、减排等方面的研究已有较多报道。然而,不同措施应用在特定生态区作物上效果差异显著,针对不同作物的适宜化肥减施增效措施仍缺乏系统评价,如何综合评估其化肥减施潜力也缺乏广泛认可的方法。本项目拟以小麦、玉米和水稻为研究对象,基于大量田间试验数据构建数据库,采用网状Meta分析对缓/控释肥、有机替代、秸秆还田、绿肥轮作等措施在增产、减少氮损失和温室气体排放的效果进行评价排序,针对不同作物提出最佳的化肥减施增效管理策略,并通过探究土壤和微生物因子的差异明确作用机制;建立基于产量和氮素损失的氮肥减施潜力综合评估方法,评估不同措施的氮肥减施潜力;在主作区开展田间试验,验证典型措施的增产和化肥减施效果。为制定化肥减施决策,实现作物增产、环境减排提供切实高效的养分管理技术策略。
英文摘要
Reducing chemical nutrient use and increasing the nutrient use efficiency is an urgent need for balancing the food and environmental security and promoting the development of green agriculture. Optimized nutrient management strategies, such as control/slow-release fertilizer, substituting manure for chemical fertilizer, straw return, and green manure rotation, have been widely demonstrated their effectiveness on decreasing chemical fertilizer input, improving crop yield, and reducing nutrient loss, while their effectiveness differ among areas and crops. How to determine the most suitable nutrient management strategy for different crop types and to evaluate their potentials of reducing chemical N fertilizer use deserve a comprehensive investigation. Thus, we plan to establish a comprehensive database based on large amounts of field trials conducted in main grain crops (i.e., wheat, corn, and rice) of China. Based on the database, we will use a network meta-analysis to compare the different nutrient management strategies regarding their effectiveness on decreasing chemical fertilizer input, improving crop yield, and reducing N loss and greenhouse gas emissions, and hence propose a most suitable nutrient management strategy for the specific crop; we will further investigate the changes of soil and microbial factors to understand the mechanism of yield increase and N loss reduction induced by a specific strategy. Furthermore, we will establish a comprehensive method based on yield response and N loss to estimate the reduction potential of the N application with different nutrient management strategies. Field experiments will be conducted in main crop planting areas to validate the nutrient management strategy and the reduction potential of the N application we proposed. The present study aims to provide scientific support for decreasing chemical fertilizer input and reactive nutrient emissions and increasing crop productivity.
化肥减施增效是协同粮食安全和生态环境安全、保障农业绿色发展的重要途径。缓/控释肥、有机替代、秸秆还田、绿肥还田和生物炭还田等技术措施在化肥减施、作物增产、环境减排等方面具有较大潜力。然而,不同措施的应用效果在不同作物和区域上差异显著,缺乏其农学和环境效应的系统评价,导致不同作物和区域上适宜的化肥减施增效措施尚不明晰,其化肥减施潜力也不清楚。本项目以我国主要粮食作物小麦、玉米和水稻为研究对象,采取大数据分析和田间试验相结合的方法,阐明了不同化肥减施增效技术的农学和环境效应,其中缓/控释肥、有机替代、秸秆还田、绿肥还田和生物炭还田平均增产率分别为5.8%、3.0%、8.1%、9.2%和9.2%,活性氮损失减少-3.9%~28.8%,温室气体排放减少-28.9%~13.9%。增产或减排效应受作物和种植区域影响显著,可通过优化缓/控释肥措施的缓释类型、缓释氮比例及控释期等调控因素,有机替代的有机肥来源、替代比例、施用年限以及投入碳氮比等调控因素,秸秆还田的还田年限、腐熟剂施用以及投入碳氮比等调控因素,进一步提升不同措施的应用效果。项目构建了基于氮素平衡的氮肥减施潜力评估方法,提出了缓/控释肥和秸秆还田在小麦、玉米、水稻上的氮肥减施潜力分别为15.2%~17.6%和8.2%~14.3%,有机替代条件下氮素投入总量不可减少,但可相应减少化肥的投入。在主作区开展了田间定位试验,验证了典型措施的增产增效和化肥减施效果。项目筛选出与小麦、玉米和水稻及不同种植区域匹配的化肥减量增效技术措施,阐明了影响不同措施实施效果的固定效应和调控机制,明确了氮肥减施潜力,为粮食作物化肥减施增效工作提供了切实高效的养分管理策略。
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