三江源大型野生食草动物对区域草畜平衡状态影响及管控机制研究

确保国家公园受损区域稳定恢复与健康生态系统长期维持，是维护国家公园生态安全紧迫的现实需要。生态系统承载力的准确评估及其管理调控技术是实现国家公园科学管理、永续经营的重要理论基础、技术路径。准确掌握草畜平衡态势，据此优化区域采食压力时空配置，是草地类国家公园管理区域承载压力，实现区域生态系统可持续恢复保护的核心问题。本研究选取青海三江源国家公园黄河源园区为研究典型区。通过结合地面调查、模型模拟，获取区域草地产草量时空动态。联合应用无人机调查、北斗卫星定位项圈和红外触发相机观测网，计算区域包括大型野生食草动物在内的现实载畜量时空分布。分析区域草畜平衡时空动态，依据草畜平衡状态和采食压力梯度，深入调查草地群落结构、功能的变化过程，厘清区域草地退化驱动机制、识别触发退化压力水平。研究将为国家公园生态承载力评估和草地采食压力管理调控提供理论方法基础，为国家公园提升区域可持续性提供理论技术支持。

In order to maintain the ecological security of national parks, it is an urgent and realistic need to ensure a stable restoration of the damaged ecosystem and a long-term maintenance of the healthy ecosystem in the national park area. The accurate assessment method of ecosystem carrying capacity and its management and regulation technology system are important theoretical foundations and technical paths for the scientific management and continuous operation of national parks. The accurate understanding on the balance between grass and livestock, and thereupon the management of spatial and temporal allocation of feeding pressure in the optimized area are the core issues for the optimization of the regional ecosystem carrying capacity in order to realize a sustainable restoration and protection of the regional ecosystem in grassland national parks. This study selected the Huangheyuan Area of Sanjiangyuan National Park in Qinghai as a typical research area. Ground survey and model simulation were conducted to obtain the spatial and temporal dynamics of grassland yield. Unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing survey, positioning tracking with Beidou satellite collars and regional infrared-triggered camera observation network were applied to obtain the spatial and temporal distribution of real-time livestock carrying capacity including large wild herbivores. With the data obtained, the temporal and spatial patterns of regional grass and animal balance were analyzed. Based on the difference of regional grass and animal balance condition and the feed pressure gradient, the changes of grassland community structure and functions were analyzed, the driving mechanism of the regional grassland degradation was clarified, and the level triggering degradation pressure iwas identified. The study will provide theoretical and methodological foundation for the assessment of the ecological carrying capacity of grassland national parks and the regulation of grassland feeding pressure management, help to establish and improve the national park scientific management system, and provide a theoretical and technological support for national parks to enhance regional sustainability through scientific management.